- •Нижний Новгород 2003
- •Contents
- •Preface
- •General points of grammar and usage
- •Indirect statements
- •In past reported speech adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows.
- •Indirect questions
- •Indirect imperatives
- •Reporting a conversation
- •Representing functions in speech Functions of communication
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Invitation
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Functions of thinking and reasoning
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Functions of showing attitude
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Functions of expressing emotion
- •Interest and indifference
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Patterns
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Functions of volition
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Insistence and compulsion
- •Vocabulary
- •Способы передачи чужой речи в английском языке
Vocabulary
bold | courageous not afraid of taking risks and making difficult decisions
brave facing danger, pain, or difficult situations with courage and confidence
audacious brave, shocking and extremely confident when taking risks or saying impolite things
daring willing to do something that is dangerous or that involves a lot of risk
fearless not afraid of anything
nerve the ability to stay calm and confident in a dangerous, difficult or frightening situation
heart determination and strength of purpose
guts (informal) the courage and determination you need to do something difficult or unpleasant
dare to be brave enough or rude enough to do something dangerous, difficult, or unpleasant
reckless not caring or worrying about the possible bad or dangerous results of your actions
rash doing something too quickly, without thinking carefully about whether it is sensible or not
Functions of volition
Making a decision
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= John: I want to go into business. I’ve got no doubt about it. |
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= John decided/made up his mind to go into business. |
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= Peter: I’ve thought a lot about what university to apply to. And I know now. |
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= John made up his mind about what university to apply to. |
Patterns
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decided resolved determined settled |
to go into business. on a trip to London. on going to London. that he/his son would go into business. |
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was determined was resolved |
to go into business. |
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decide determine settle |
what to do after graduation. where the house would be built. |
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between two courses of action. between two candidates. between staying at home and leaving for London. |
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about it. between two courses of action. to go into business. (about) what to do next. |
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about Peter. about it. about coming with us. |
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on a holiday in Italy. on going to Italy for a holiday. |
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on his plans. on going to Africa. against their plans. |
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on the new job. on accepting the offer. |
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to go there. that he was being maltreated. |
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said it answered |
resolutely/firmly/decisively. in a resolute manner/tone/voice. in a firm manner/tone/voice. in a determined manner/tone/voice. in a decisive manner/tone/voice. |
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