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2.2. Answer the questions based on the information from the article.

1. What was the impact of John Dickens on his son’s writings?

2. How did Charles Dickens’ marital life influence his novels?

3. Should a professional writer avoid being influenced by his family life or everyday problems?

4. What were Dickens’ early novels?

5. What was novice about his novel ‘Oliver Twist’?

6. What is his work ‘American Notes’ noted for?

7. What does ‘Dombey and Son’ stress?

8. What proves Dickens’ recognition in Britain and in the world?

9. What do you think makes a writer prolific – literary craft, life experience, patience or ….. ?

2.3. Recall one of Charles Dickens’ books that you have read and write a blurb for a publishing company (a short description by the publisher of the contents of the book).

Task 3

3.1. Read the article about Washington Irving and highlight the most important facts in his biography. The first american classic

Washington Irving is best re­membered as America’s first interna­tionally successful author. During his lifetime, he traveled extensively in this country and abroad, served in diplomatic positions in Europe and wrote numerous works of fiction, history and biography.

Born in New York City on April 3, 1783, Washington Irving was the youngest of eleven children. He was named by his British-born parents for General George Washington. As a youth, he developed a lasting fond­ness for the theatre, music, art, travel and social occasions. After completing his secondary schooling, Irving studied law in the office of former Attorney General Josiah O. Hoffman. There, he devel­oped a strong attachment for Hoff­man’s daughter, Matilda, who un­fortunately died of tuberculosis at an early age. It has been said that this loss was the reason Irving remained a bachelor.

During the period 1802-1803, Ir­ving used the pseudonym “Jonathan Oldstyle” and contributed nine essays about the New York theatre to The Morning Chronicle’, a newspaper published by his brother, Peter. In 1806, shortly after returning from a two-year trip through Europe, Irving took and passed New York State bar examinations. He also continued his literary efforts by contributing pseudonymously to ‘Salmagundi’, a humorous periodical published between 1807 and 1808. The following year he established his literary credentials by publishing his satirical ‘History of New York’ under the now famous pseudonym Diedrich Knickerbocker.

In 1815 Washington Irving and his brother Peter went to England in the hope of reviving the family’s failing export business. The Napoleonic Wars had contributed to the firm’s financial difficulties, and it ultimately went bankrupt in 1818.

Irving was then obliged to turn his full attention to professional author­ship and, in 1819-1820, published serially The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.’, the volume that contained his two most famous stories, “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.

From 1822 to 1829, Irving traveled in Europe, serving from 1826 to 1829 as a diplomatic attache at the United States Legation in Madrid and, from 1829 to 1832, as secretary of the United States Embassy in Lon­don. His Bracebridge Hall’, ‘Tales of a Traveler’, ‘The Life of Columbus’, ‘The Conquest of Granada’ and The Alhambra’ all grew out of those European experiences.

Returning to the United States in 1832 after seventeen years abroad, Irving traveled in the midwest and included an account of his travels, “A Tour of the Prairies”, in The Crayon Miscellany’.

In 1835, Irving purchased the small cottage in Tarrytown that was to become Sunnyside. With the help of his friend, artist George Harvey, Irving set about directing the remo­delling of the house into a charming and unique expression of his tastes. In 1838, Irving was offered the nomina­tion for Mayor of New York City and the position of Secretary of the Navy in the cabinet of Martin Van Buren. He declined both offers, choosing to remain at Sunnyside, which became widely known as a symbol of graciousness and hospitality, depar­ting only from 1842 to 1846 to serve as United States Minister in Spain.

While living at Sunnyside, Irving composed portions of Astoria’ and The Adventures of Captain Bonneville’ and supervised the preparation of the Author’s Revised Edition of his works, which was published by G. P. Putnam in fifteen volumes from 1848 to 1851. His final work, the five-volume Life of George Washing­ton’, was also written at Sunnyside and subsequently published in 1855-1859. Washington Irving died at Sunny­side in November 1859. He was buried at the Sleepy Hollow Ceme­tery in Tarrytown, in the heart of the “sequestered glen” which he made famous.

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