Von Zumbusch, Ludwig Arbitrability of Antitrust Claims under u.S., German, and e.E.C. Law: the International Transaction Criterion and Public Policy, 22 Tex. Int’l l. J. 291 (1987).

Wälde, Thomas ICSID ‘Annulment Committee’, 1(2) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence (March 2003).

end p.740

Chapter 21

Baldwin, Edward et al. Limits to Enforcement of ICSID Awards, 23(1) J. Int’l Arb. 1 (2006).

Dellapenna, Joseph W. Refining the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 9 Willamette J. Int’l L. & Disp. Res. 57 (2001).

Halverson, Karen Is a Foreign State a “Person”? Does it Matter?: Personal Jurisdiction, Due Process and the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 34 N.Y.U. J. Int’l L. & Politics 115 (2001).

Lalive, Pierre, “Enforcing Awards” in Sixty Years of ICC Arbitration (ICC Publishing 1984).

Nelson, Leslie International Joint Ventures, 2 Int’l L. Prosp. 75 (1990).

Redfern, Alan, Martin Hunter, Nigel Blackaby and Constantine Partasides, The Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration (Sweet & Maxwell 4th ed. 2004).

Reinisch, August European Court Practice Concerning State Immunity from Enforcement Measures, 17(4) Eur. J. Int’l L. 803 (2006).

Schreuer, Christoph, The ICSID Convention: A Commentary (Cambridge Univ. Press 2000).

Turck, Nancy French and U.S. Courts Define Limits of Sovereign Immunity in Execution and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards, 17 Arb. Int’l 327 (2001).

UNCTAD, Course on Dispute Settlement—Module 2.9. ICSID: Binding Force and Enforcement, UNCTAD/EDM/Misc.232/Add.8 (United Nations 2003).

Volz, Jane l. And Roger s. Haydock Foreign Arbitral Awards: Enforcing the Award against the Recalcitrant Loser, 21 Wm. Mitchell l. Rev. 867 (1996).

Chapter 22

Alvarez, Guillermo A. and William W. Park The New Face of Investment Arbitration: NAFTA Chapter 11, 28 Yale J. Int’l L. 365 (2003).

Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990).

Brower II, Charles H. Structure, Legitimacy, and NAFTA’s Investment Chapter, 36 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 37, 83 (2003).

Charney, Jonathan Is International Law Threatened by Multiple International Law Tribunals? 271 Recueil des Cours 101 1998.

Choi, Won-Mog The Present and Future of the Investor-State Dispute Settlement Paradigm, 10 J. Int’l Econ. L. 725 (2007).

Coe, Jack Transparency in the Resolution of Investor-State Disputes-Adoption, Adaptation, and NAFTA Leadership, 54 Kan. L. Rev. 1339 (2006).

Franck, Susan D. The Legitimacy Crisis in Investment Treaty Arbitration: Privatizing Public International Law through Inconsistent Decisions, 73 Fordham L. Rev. 1521 (2005).

Harten, Gus van, Investment Treaty Arbitration and Public Law (Oxford Univ. Press 2007).

Harten, Gus van and Martin Loughlin Investment Treaty Arbitration as a Species of Global Administrative Law, 17(1) Eur. J. Int’l L. 121 (2006).

Legum, Barton Trends and Challenges in Investor-State Arbitration, 19 Arb. Int’l 1143 (2003).

Peterson, Luke E. Changing Investment Litigation, Bit by BIT, 5(4) Bridges Between Trade and Sustainable Development 5 (May 2001).

Price, Daniel NAFTA Chapter 11: Investor-State Dispute Settlement: Frankenstein or Safety Valve? 26 Can.-U.S. L.J. 107 2001.

Sabater, Aníbal The Weaknesses of the “Rosatti Doctrine,” 15 Am. Rev. Int’l Arb. 465 2004.

Schachter, Oscar The Invisible College of International Lawyers, 72 Nw. U.L. Rev. 217 (1977).

end p.741

Schreuer, Christoph and Matthew Weiniger, “Conversations Across Cases—Is There a Doctrine of Precedent in Investment Arbitration?” in The Oxford Handbook of International Investment Law (Peter Muchlinski et al., eds., Oxford Univ. Press 2008).

Thomas, J. Christopher A Reply to Professor Brower, 40 Colum. J. Transnat’l L. 433 (2002).

UNCTAD, Bilateral Investment Treaties 1995–2006: Trends in Investment Rulemaking, UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2006/5 (United Nations 2007).

Wälde, Thomas, “The Specific Nature of Investment Arbitration-Report of the Director of Studies of the English-Speaking Section of the Center” in New Aspects of International Investment Law (Philippe Kahn and Thomas Wälde, eds., Martinus Nijhoff 2007).

A

Abs-Shawcross Draft Convention on Investments Abroad, 48–49, 53n.37

Accord Entre le Gouvernement de la Republique Francaise et le Gouvernement de la Republique Argentine sûr L’Encouragement et la Protection Reciproques des Investissements, 84n.38

Agreement Among the Government of Brunei Darussalam, Republic of Indonesia, Malaysia, Republic of the Philippines, Republic of Singapore, and the Kingdom of Thailand for the Promotion and Protection of Investments. See ASEAN Investment Agreement

Agreement Between Chile and the Belgian–Luxembourg Economic Union, 420n.143

Agreement Between Japan and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Concerning the Promotion and Protection of Investment, 238n.64

Agreement Between the Government of Australia and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Reciprocal Encouragement and Protection of Investments, 237n.60

Agreement Between the Government of Canada and the Government of Republic of Ecuador for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, 203n.7

Agreement Between the Government of Panama and Foreign Investors for the Development of the Cerro Colorado Copper Deposits, 226n.29

Agreement Between the Government of Sweden and the Government of Malaysia Concerning the Mutual Protection of Investments, 237n.60

Agreement Between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Republic of Albania for Promotion and Protection of Investments, 236n.57, 420n.142

Agreement Between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Republic of Bolivia, 80n.15

Agreement Between the Kingdom of Netherlands and Republic of Poland on Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, 202n.6

Agreement Between the Portuguese Republic and the United Mexican States on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments, 237n.59

Agreement Between the Republic of Austria and the German Democratic Republic on the Settlement of Unresolved Questions Relating to Property Rights, 38–39

end p.785

Agreement Between the Republic of Turkey and the Arab Republic of Egypt Concerning the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investment, 80n.15

Agreement Between the Swiss Confederation and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, 113n.33

Agreement for Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments between the Kingdom of Spain and the Republic of El Salvador (“Spain–El Salvador BIT”), 223n.21

Agreement on Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Argentine Republic, 203n.8

Agreement on Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments Between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Czech and Slovak Republic, 237n.58

Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. See TRIPS Agreement

Albania–Croatia BIT, 414, 414n.110

Albania–France BIT, 236n.57, 493n.8

Albania–Greece BIT, 235

Algiers Accords of 1981, 41–42, 82n.24

Argentina–Australia BIT, 305–306, 307n.75

Argentina–France BIT, 261, 394

Argentina–New Zealand BIT, 414n.111

Argentina–Spain BIT, 120, 261, 357n.28, 418, 418n.127, 420, 522n.141

Argentina–United Kingdom BIT, 261

Argentina–U.S. BIT, 248n.8, 263, 306, 306n.69, 316, 442, 516, 531n.183, 539, 543, 543n.16, 557–558, 557n.32, 560n.39, 581

ASEAN Investment Agreement, 67–68, 67n.108, 68n.115, 241, 241n.80, 250n.16, 253n.38, 271n.129, 285n.211, 294n.14, 629n.7, 702

Australia–Czech Republic BIT, 238

Australia–India BIT, 117n.3

Austria–Croatia BIT, 297, 297n.29

Austria–Mexico BIT, 425

Austria–United Arab Emirates BIT, 357n.26

B

Bangladesh–Germany BIT, 307n.73

Belarus–Switzerland BIT, 493n.8

Belgium & Luxemburg-Burundi BIT (or Investment Convention), 447–449

Belgium & Luxemburg–Rwanda BIT, 253n.37

Belgium–Burundi Investment Convention, 449

Belgium–Hong Kong BIT, 304n.66

Belgium/Luxembourg–Turkey BIT, 416n.122

Belgium–Philippines BIT, 304n.64

Belgium–Thailand BIT, 304n.63

Benin–U.K. BIT, 304n.65

Bolivia–Mexico Free Trade Agreement, 196

Bolivia–Netherlands BIT, 330

Botswana–China BIT, 415n.115

Buenos Aires Protocol, 66–67, 66n.101, 67n.104

Bulgaria–Cyprus BIT, 423

Bulgaria–Israel BIT, 414n.108

C

CAFTA. See Central America Free Trade Agreement

Calvo Doctrine, 69

Canada Model Agreement for Promotion and Protection of Investment, 196, 196n.36, 251n.20, 370n.9, 498, 570n.26

Canada–Chile Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA), 196, 196n.38, 252, 252n.27, 253n.36, 399n.15

Canada–Costa Rica BIT, 285n.211

Canada–Czech BIT, 247n.2

Canada–Ecuador BIT, 237n.59

Canada–Panama BIT, 202n.6

Canada–South Africa BIT, 294n.11

end p.786

Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement (CUSTFA), 70

Canada–U.S. Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA), 402

Canadian Model FIPA, 498, 519n.123

Cartagena Free Trade Agreement, 51

CCFTA. See Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement

Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), 638, 702

Chile–Croatia BIT, 424–425, 515n.103

Chile–Denmark BIT, 424–425

Chile–Malaysia BIT, 424–425, 424n.161, 515n.103

Chile–New Zealand FTA, 253n.37

Chile–South Africa BIT, 414n.111

Chile–Spain BIT, 120, 418

Chile–Tunisia BIT, 414n.108

China Model BIT, 285n.211

China–Germany BIT, 531n.183, 706, 706n.24

China–Hungary BIT, 241

China–Netherlands BIT, 706

China–New Zealand BIT, 706, 706n.25

Colonia Investment Protocol of Mercosur, 51, 64n.90, 65–67, 65nn.91–98, 66nn.99–101, 67n.104, 241n.83

Concession Agreement with Desechos Solidos de Naucalpan S.A. de C.V. (DESONA), 381

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 464n.156

Convention for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, 245

Convention on the International Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens, 430n.6

Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States. See Washington Convention

Convention Respecting Claims between the United States and Mexico, 37n.76

Croatia–India BIT, 117n.3

Cyprus–Bulgaria BIT, 422, 422n.149

Czech Republic–Netherlands BIT, 154–155, 155n.116, 281, 281n.185, 357, 357n.27, 427n.180, 703

Czech Republic–U.S. BIT, 597n.125

D

Declaration of the Government of the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Concerning the Settlement of Claims by the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. See Algiers Accords of 1981

Denmark–Lithuania BIT, 253n.38

Dominican Republic–Central America–U.S. Free Trade Agreement (DR–CAFTA), 71–74, 196, 196n.37, 208n.25, 241, 241n.81, 242, 304, 304n.60, 444, 444n.79, 713n.65

Draft Convention on Investment Abroad, 503n.43

Draft Convention on the Protection of Foreign Property, 48–49, 49n.14, 503n.44, 534, 534n.195

Draft Convention on the Responsibility of States for Damage Done in Their Territory to the Person or Property of Foreigners, 564n.2

Draft U.S. Model BIT, 465

DR–CAFTA. See Dominican Republic-Central American-United States Free Trade Agreement

Dutch–Czech BIT, 426n.170

E

EC Treaty, 55n.45, 703–705, 704n.15

ECA (Environmental Cooperation Agreement), 73

ECT. See Energy Charter Treaty

Ecuador–United Kingdom BIT, 250

Egypt–Denmark BIT, 262

Egypt–Greece BIT, 414n.108, 459

Egypt–Italy BIT, 299n.37, 302

end p.787

El Salvador–Spain BIT, 253n.37

Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), 51, 61–64, 61n.74, 77n.2, 79, 241, 241nn.79 & 83, 285, 295n.19, 305n.67, 324, 324n.161, 399, 399n.12, 422, 426, 443–444, 443n.77, 519n.123, 544, 570n.26, 635n.40, 702

Environmental Cooperation Agreement (ECA), 73

Ethiopia–Sudan BIT, 304n.62

European Communities Treaty. See EC Treaty

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), 365, 365n.62, 572n.39

European Convention on State Immunity (European Convention), 686n.28

Exploration and Production Sharing Agreement Between Government of Qatar and Wintershall Aktiengesellschaft and Others, 226n.29

F

Federal Republic of Germany–U.S.S.R. Agreement Concerning the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, 283n.200

Finland–Algeria BIT, 305–306

France–Argentina BIT, 84–85, 239, 368, 369, 381, 382nn.71–72, 383–391

France–Chile BIT, 117n.1

France–Hong Kong BIT, 574n.51

France–India BIT, 414n.111

Franco–Moroccan treaty of 1975, 357n.28

Free Trade Agreement between Mexico and Bolivia, 196

Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), 242

Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation (FCN) treaties, 32, 37, 53n.37, 532–534, 532n.187

G

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 401, 407n.68, 519n.122

General Claims Convention, 36

German Model BIT, 307, 307n.73

German–Swiss Treaty on Arbitration and Conciliation, 571n.38

Germany–Argentina BIT, 368n.2

Germany–Bangladesh BIT, 574n.51

Germany–Pakistan BIT, 46n.6, 51n.29, 399n.18, 430n.5

Germany–Russia BIT, 283

Germany–Somalia BIT, 294n.12

Germany–Syria BIT, 416n.122

Ghana–Romania BIT, 120n.10, 368n.2

Greece–Egypt BIT, 263

Greece–Georgia BIT, 263

Greece–Republic of Korea BIT, 305–306

H

Hague Conventions for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, 47

Havana Charter on Trade and Employment, 48, 503, 503n.41, 534, 534n.194

Hungary–Yemen BIT, 304n.62

I

ICSID Convention (or Washington Convention), 45n.2, 49–50, 49n.19, 52, 80n.17, 82, 82n.25, 83, 83n.27, 83n.30, 84, 84n.36, 85n.39, 86n.47, 87–88, 88nn.55–59, 91, 95, 95n.11, 96n.18, 101n.2, 110n.22, 112, 113, 115, 116, 122n.17, 125–128, 125n.29, 126n.34, 128n.42, 132, 132n.54, 138–141, 138n.63, 147n.104, 154, 163, 171, 172n.203, 183n.216, 186–188, 199, 201nn.1–2, 202, 202n.4, 203–204, 209–210, 211–213, 217n.52, 220–222, 221n.12, 222n.17, 224n.25, 232, 233, 234, 236, 236n.54, 239n.65, 256–289, 256n.51, 257n.57, 292, 295–297, 295n.18, 296n.21, 297n.28, 300–302, 313–315, 321, 323, 332, 343, 344, 345, 359, 359n.30, 382n.72, 383, 384, 570n.28, 571n.34, 613n.194, 620–621, 628–635, 628nn.4 & 6, 699–700, 704

end p.788

Inter–American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration, 679

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Convention. See ICSID Convention

Investment Convention. See Belgium & Luxemburg-Burundi BIT

Iran–U.S. Claims Tribunal, 437

Italy–Egypt BIT, 265

Italy–Jordan BIT, 529

Italy–Morocco BIT, 239n.67, 262

Italy–Philippines BIT, 253n.37

Italy–U.A.E. BIT, 298, 299

Italy–U.S. FCN (Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation) Treaty, 349

J

Jamaica–U.K. BIT, 399n.12

Jay Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, 34–35, 34nn.66–67

K

Kyoto Convention, 405n.49

L

Lomé Conventions, 54–55, 54n.44, 55nn.46–49, 56n.53, 241

Lomé III, 55, 55nn.46 & 48–51

Lomé IV, 55, 55n.47, 241n.83

M

Malaysia–Chile BIT, 264, 424–425, 515

Malaysia–Netherlands BIT, 120n.10

Malaysia–U.K. BIT, 275n.156

Mercado Común de Sur (Mercosur or Mersocul), 64–67, 241

Mexico–Bolivia Free Trade Agreement, 196

MIGA Convention, 232

Model Bilateral Investment Treaty of 1987, 654–655

Model Tax Convention, 444

Mongolia–Singapore BIT, 414n.111

Morocco–U.S. BIT, 308n.78

Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), 54, 74–75

N

NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement

Netherlands–Argentina BIT, 203

Netherlands–Bolivia BIT, 329

Netherlands–Czech Republic BIT, 204, 236, 265, 315, 326, 336, 394, 506n.58, 515n.101, 597, 660–662

Netherlands–Georgia BIT, 308n.79

Netherlands–Jamaica BIT, 368n.2

Netherlands–Malaysia BIT, 368n.2

Netherlands–Poland BIT, 262, 282, 282n.189, 552

Netherlands–South Africa BIT, 574n.51

Netherlands–Venezuela BIT, 264

New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 47, 87–88, 87n.53, 92, 101, 105n.12, 133n.58, 139, 183n.215, 221n.11, 641n.73, 649, 679, 682–683, 691n.62, 691nn.66–67, 699

New Zealand–Singapore BIT, 414n.109, 416, 416n.121

North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), 73–74, 658n.130

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 51, 56–61, 56nn.55 & 57–60, 58n.66, 80n.17, 90n.67, 121, 185, 202, 203, 203n.7, 207n.21, 240, 241, 241nn.78 & 83, 251n.21, 261–263, 281, 281n.208, 297, 297n.26, 318, 339, 358–359, 361n.38, 370, 378–379, 399n.14, 400, 442–443, 491–493, 500–502, 570n.26, 571n.34, 574n.51, 635–636, 635n.38, 638, 702

North Korea–Thailand BIT, 315n.118

Norway–China BIT, 398n.7

end p.789

Norway–Hungary BIT, 261

Norway–Lithuania BIT, 518

O

OECD Draft Convention on the Protection of Foreign Property, 249n.14

OECD Draft Multilateral Investment Agreement, 66n.101, 251n.24

P

Pakistan–Switzerland BIT, 112–116, 240, 545

Panama Convention, 679

Peru–Paraguay BIT, 470, 470n.183

Philippines–Sweden BIT, 294n.14

Philippines–Switzerland BIT, 307n.75

Philippines–Thailand BIT, 304n.64, 414n.113

R

Republic of Korea–Panama BIT, 305–306

Russian Federation–Germany BIT, 241n.77, 295, 296n.20

Russian Federation–Thailand BIT, 308n.77

S

Senegal–U.S. BIT, 308n.78

Singapore–U.S. Free Trade Agreement, 713n.65

Singapore–Vietnam BIT, 294n.14

SLA. See Canada-United States Softwood Lumber Agreement

Slovakia–Czech Republic BIT, 263

South Korea–Mongolia BIT, 399n.17

South Korea–Panama BIT, 304n.63

South Korea–U.K. BIT, 294n.11

Spain–Argentina BIT, 416n.123

Spain–El Salvador BIT, 223n.21

Spain–Mexico BIT, 514

Sri Lanka–U.K. BIT, 207, 536

Sweden–China BIT, 398n.7

Sweden–India BIT, 117n.3

Sweden–Malaysia BIT, 237

Swiss–Pakistan BIT, 548

Swiss–Pakistan Investment Protection Treaty, 545–546

Switzerland–Czechoslovakia BIT, 416n.119

Switzerland–India BIT, 574n.51

Switzerland–Nigeria BIT, 307n.75

Switzerland–Zimbabwe BIT, 308n.77

T

Trade Related Aspects of Investment Measures (TRIMS) Agreement, 74

Treaty of Asuncion, 64n.90, 65nn.91–92

Treaty of Lisbon, 705n.22

Treaty of Rome. See EC Treaty

TRIPS Agreement, 445, 445n.81

Tunisia–U.K. BIT, 294n.14

Turkey–Pakistan BIT, 261

U

U.K.–Belize BIT, 399n.15

U.K.–Chile BIT, 247n.2

U.K.–Czech Republic BIT, 283, 283n.195

U.K.–Egypt BIT, 264

U.K.–Egypt IPPA, 262

U.K.–Jamaica BIT, 399n.17

U.K.–Kenya BIT, 414n.108

U.K.–Kyrgyz BIT, 167

U.K.–Malaysia BIT, 264

U.K. Model BIT, 544, 544n.17

U.K.–Oman BIT, 253n.37

U.K.–Saint Lucia BIT, 304n.65

U.K.–Slovenia BIT, 285n.16

U.K.–Tonga BIT, 294n.12

U.K.–U.A.E. BIT, 294n.13, 296n.23, 574n.51

U.K.–Uruguay BIT, 306n.69

U.K.–Yemen BIT, 285n.17

Ukraine–Lithuania BIT, 207, 223, 323

Ukraine–U.S. BIT, 324, 324n.160, 468n.172

Unified Agreement for the Investment of Arab Capital in the Arab States, 544n.19

end p.790

United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958. See New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards

U.S.–Argentina BIT, 117n.2, 157–158, 157n.130, 158n.131, 207, 221, 240, 251n.19, 305n.67, 374, 375, 395, 399n.16, 442n.76, 458, 497, 502n.40, 552–553, 558, 579

U.S.–Australia Free Trade Agreement, 446n.84

U.S.–Azerbaijan BIT, 117n.2, 236, 236n.56

U.S.–Canada Free Trade Agreement, 315n.116

U.S.–Chile Free Trade Agreement, 90n.68, 121n.13, 196, 196n.39, 242n.87, 446n.83, 525n.149, 570n.26, 713n.65

U.S.–Colombia Free Trade Agreement, 446n.86

U.S.–Czech BIT, 326, 426n.171, 509n.73, 601n.138, 660

U.S.–Democratic Republic of the Congo BIT, 247n.2, 263, 273

U.S.–Ecuador BIT, 285n.16, 296, 296n.23, 305n.67, 315n.118, 369n.5, 406, 426n.170, 502n.40, 573, 573n.49, 578n.65, 580n.72

U.S.–Egypt BIT, 405, 405n.54

U.S.–Estonia BIT, 373, 506n.58, 507n.64

U.S.–Georgia BIT, 416n.120

U.S.–Haiti BIT, 77n.2, 80n.15

U.S.–Iran Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights, 431n.7, 437

U.S.–Italy Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, 431n.7, 533n.188

U.S.–Kazakhstan BIT, 509n.71

U.S. Model Bilateral Investment Treaty, 54n.41, 69, 72, 90, 90n.68, 121n.13, 185, 196, 196n.35, 221n.12, 242, 242n.87, 250n.17, 252, 252n.29, 253, 253n.34, 318, 341, 370, 370n.10, 399nn.13 & 17, 454, 454n.112, 489n.246, 505n.53, 510, 519n.123, 520n.125, 525, 525n.149, 544, 544n.20, 556, 557n.32, 706nn.23 & 27, 713, 713nn.63–64

U.S.–Morocco Free Trade Agreement, 90n.68, 241–242, 242n.85, 446n.85, 713n.65

U.S.–Peru Free Trade Agreement, 446n.87

U.S.–Romania BIT, 369n.5

U.S.–Singapore Free Trade Agreement (USSFTA), 252–253, 252n.29, 370n.10

U.S.–Sri Lanka BIT, 286, 288

U.S.–Trinidad and Tobago BIT, 250n.17

U.S.–Ukraine BIT, 324n.160, 468n.172

U.S.–Uruguay BIT, 252, 252n.29, 370n.10, 446n.88, 713nn.63–64

V

Vienna Convention on The Law of Treaties (VCLT), 204n.18, 205, 415, 415n.116, 497, 509, 549, 654

Viet Nam–Finland BIT, 247n.2

W

Washington Accord, 353–356

Washington Convention. See ISCID Convention

WTO Agreement, 445n.81