Написание глаголов с суффиксом -(e)s

сочетания букв	примеры	произношение
1. согл. + s	run – runs, ask – asks, work - works	после глухих согл. [s] после звонких [z]
2. глаголы на -ch, -s, -sh, -x, -z + -es	catch – catches, pass – passes, push – pushes, box – boxes, buzz – buzzes	[iz]
3. согл. + y	fly – flies, cry – cries, try – tries	[z]
4. гл. + y	play – plays, pay – pays	[z]
5. go, do + -es	do – does, go – goes	does – [daz] goes – [gouz]

Meanings (значения)

• регулярно повторяющиеся действия:

I go to work five times a week.

• факты, истины:

Cats catch mice.

• действия в будущем в придаточных условия и времени (после if, in case, unless, when, as soon as, while, until, before, after):

When we come we’ll call you.

• действия согласно расписанию:

The train leaves at five.

• в пересказах:

This story is about a girl who goes to see her granny. On her way she meets Wolf. He wants to eat her and her granny…

Markers (наречия и выражения, используемые с Present Simple):

usually (обычно), always (всегда), never (никогда), from time to time, occasionally(время от времени), hardly ever (редко), often (часто); every morning / afternoon / evening / night / day / week… (каждое утро…); once a week / month / year… (раз в неделю…)

PAST SIMPLE

Прошедшее простое

BE*

Positive	I, he, she, it was happy. You, we, they were happy.
Negative	I, he, she, it was not (wasn’t) happy. You, we, they were not (weren’t) happy.
Question	Was I, he, she, it happy? Were you, we, they happy?

*См. примечания, данные к аналогичной таблице во времени Present Simple.

DO

V¹ + ed / неправильный глагол²

Positive	I, you, he, she, it, we, they worked / came.
Negative	I, you, he, she, it, we, they did not (didn’t) work / come.
Question	Did I, you, he, she, it, we, they work / come?

¹ Под V подразумевается любой глагол.

² Таблица неправильных глаголов приводится в конце сборника.

V + -ED: SPELLING RULES

Написание глаголов с суффиксом –ed

сочетания букв	примеры
1. –e + d	improve – improved, realise – realised
2. гл. + согл.	rob – robbed, rub – rubbed (но: open – opened)
3. согл. + y	try – tried, cry – cried
4. гл. + у	play – played, pray – prayed

Meanings (значения)

• факты в прошлом:

Nobody came to the party.

• последовательные действия в прошлом:

I stood up, put on his hat and left.

• регулярные действия в прошлом:

On Sunday he always took her to the cinema.

Чтобы обозначить регулярные действия в прошлом, которые в настоящем не происходят, следует использовать фразу used to:

Some years ago we used to call on me every day, now he never does.

Markers (наречия и выражения, используемые с Past Simple):

yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week / month / year, an hour ago, in 1876, on the 2^nd of April

FUTURE SIMPLE