11. Types of legal professions in Russia

Lawyers in private practice in Russia work mostly within colleges of ad­vocates - sell-managed cooperative-type organizations. There are about nineteen thousand advocates in more than one hundred colleges. The highest body of advocates' sell-management is the gencjal meeting of a college. The presidium headed by the chairperson is the executive board of each college. The presidium is elected by the general meeting for a term of three years.

Colleges of advocates are formed in accordance with territorial subdivi­sions - in the cities, regions (oblasts), republics or autonomous entities. In its territory any college is represented by law firms or legal aid offices, which render all regular legal assistance to citizens advocates counsel people, draft legal documents, represent plaintiffs or defendants in civil litigation, and provide defense in criminal proceedings.

There are now more and more American-type law firms in Russia func­tioning separately from colleges of advocates and especially involved in representing private businesses.

Many lawyers are employed by the law offices of enterprises, ministries and agencies as in-house (jurisconsult.). These lawyers have all powers of an attorney, but tliey represent their single and permanent, 'client'- their respective

gani/Mlion. I here are about twenty thousand of them in Russia, and in view of Ihc economic reform this body is growing.

Of course, many in the legal profession teach or does the economic research work.. In Russia there are forty institutions of higher education in law (either a law school attached to a university or a separate entity called a 'juridical institute'). New private law schools are popping up. There arc also separate research centers in law, the most prominent of which is the Institute of State and Law under the Academy Sciences of Russia.

Pail III Grammar reference Unit 1

1. Артикли (The articles)

В английском языке существуют 2 вида артиклей: неопределенный а (>ш). определенный the

1^определенный артикль The idefinite article

A/an используется с исчисляемыми существительными в инственном числе:

387. То classify an object (чтобы классифицировать объект): Mr. Jones is я lawyer. This is a dog and that is a wolf.

388. In the meaning of "one' (в значении «один»): I spent a week in the South. He has </ house, a wife and two children.

3) In the meaning of 'any', 'some', 'certain' (в значении «любой», «какой-то», «некий»):

When we were there we stayed at a hotel. Take и book to look more serious. Л square has four sides (всякий, любой квадрат)

Wc usually use a/an:

After 'there is' (a/an используется после конструкции there is): There is и house in this wood.

After the exclamatory 'what' (после восклицания what): What an ideal

After such', 'quite' and 'rather' (после «такой», «вполне» и «довольно»):

He is such a brilliant student. It is quite an interesting book. It is rather a long story.

Определенный артикль The definite article

We use 'the' with countable nouns both in singular and plural. Используем the с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном и множественном числе.