1. Law enforcement professional education in the country

We are living in the epoch of scientific and technological progress in all spheres of life that requires (требует) an ever increasing number of specialists of higher education. Millions of young people are studying at the institutes, universities, academies and special higher schools. They arc going to be highly qualified specialists — teachers, doctors, engineers, agronomists, lawyers, etc. They will be working in different fields of economy, science and culture lor many years to come.

To meet the requirements of this new age of scientific and technological progress, to cope with ever increasing educational and cultural level of society and to control criminalization of our economy the Ministry of Internal Affairs is planning to improve the overall quality of the Militia personnel and effectiveness of command service through its system of higher law enforcement professional education. It is clear that high standards in legal and general education are quite necessary for a modem professional officer of our Militia. A number of colleges, institutes and academies in the system of the Interior are functioning now training lawyers of higher education for the agencies of the Militia. They are fulfilling the task — to train highly qualified law enforcement professionals. They are preparing future militia officers to experience and solve the major social problems of our time — crime prevention and crime decrease in our country.

As quick and accurate solution of crime, immediate arrest and conviction of the criminal are part of the problem of crime prevention, it's quite necessary for the militia officers to perform perfectly well: e.g. to conduct crime scene investigation properly, to handle evidence - search for. find and collect it being careful not to destroy it, to identity, locate and apprehend a suspect or a criminal as soon as possible. It's also necessary to learn how to deal with militia documentation - criminal records, reports, etc. Crime prevention work having a moral aspect as the main one, an officer of militia is to be competent not only in his special field but also in such fields as human psychology, human behaviour and human understanding. In some cases it is impossible to prevent or to solve crimes without all that. That's why an essential part of the curriculum of Law Institutes Academics of the MIA are the subjects which will offer guidelines for militia operations in a public-relations job: Crime Psychology. Criminology, F.thics, etc.

The Academy of (Police) Administration of the Interior in Moscow is «alma mater» tor all other law enforcement institutions of higher learning in different cities of this country. Several faculties of the Academy arc training the ling staff that is to hold senior positions of the responsibility in the law Drcemcnt agencies of the country. Л great deal of the trainees of these fkcullics are combining practical and life experience with academic levements.

The graduates of the law institutes and other academies of the Interior are lining to work as operatives of the ('ID. operatives of the ECU), divisional Inspectors, criminalists, investigators, inspectors of administrative service, liupectors of lire-engineering. It's quite possible that some of them are about to work as instructors of corrections and instructors ol" education work in the apparatus of militia and penitentiary institutions.

In addition to Law Institutes/Academies of the Interior Ministry a lot of other higher education institutions in Russia arc preparing specialists for different law enforcement agencies of this country: the Prosecutor's Office, Courts, the federal Security Service (FSB), the Stale Customs Committee ((ПК), the federal Border Guard Service (f'PS), the federal Guard Service (ISO), the foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), the Federal Tax Police Service (FSNP), the Penal institutions (DIN).

Without question the problem of law enforcement professional education in Russia is of great importance because only high professionalism of law enforcement officers will help take up the challenge of globalizing crime in the new century.

This is quite a short review of some general tasks our future law enforcement professionals are to perforin for the benefit of our society.

2. Law enforcement professional education in the USA

We arc going to give you some details of law enforcement professional education in the United States of America. Many universities are offering (пред­лагать) courses in police science and criminal justice to obtain (получить) qualifications in this field for police career. Besides more than a hundred special institutions are about to solve the problem of police training in America. Each of these institutions is a collection of scholars and experts who are organizing Instruction of the police workers.

Without question, ihe FBI National Academy al Quantico, Virginia, is «alma mater» for most of law enforcement colleges of the Justice Department in different stales of America. Among them the Police Academy in New York is the principal agency for police training and education. Along with (наряду с) it one of the famous police training institutions of higher learning is the Itcramento State College, California.

The following data are to shed light on the system of police training at the Sacramento State College. The number of its students is about 210. At first almost all of the students were from local law enforcement agencies. At present 60 per cent of the students are pre-scrvicc, and 40 per cent are working in a law enforcement agency.

The Sacramento State College is proud of great practical law enforcement experience (опыг, практика) per each instructor. Each instructor is professing knowledge in a special field. He is making available (доступный) to the students his own training and experience. His attitudes (отношение), methods and techniques are in fact very important for students' education, because the students are carrying the philosophies of their former (прежний, бывший) teachers for many years in their future work.

Since law enforcement is by nature a human-relations (человеческие взаимоотношения) job, college life is offering very good laboratories wherein a student is able to work with, learn from and learn about people. Laboratory work is requiring cooperative effort of several students, developing leadership, making contacts with others who are working in the field. Participation (участие) in student government is to develop the ability to work with and for fellow-students. Debating, drama and music arc valuable as recreation (отдых) during college days and later in professional life. Participation in athletics is to develop physical strength, skill, stamina (выносливость), and teamwork (взаимодействие) is to help to develop two characteristic qualities (качество) that are of great interest to progressive police administrators — the ability to work with others and the ability to solve different problems by themselves.

College training for a student is the first time he is making his own deci­sions.

The great benefit from a college education of police officers is training future police workers to think. College study is presenting a storehouse (со­кровищница) of ideas, principles and facts; and it is helping to develop the ability to put them together (вместе) to meet new situations. Upon completion (завершение) of the four-year programme, the student is going to receive the Bachelor of Arts (бакалавр гуманитарных наук) degree in Public Administra­tion with specialization in Police Science and Administration. The special sub­jects within the Police Science and Administration programme are: General Po­lice Administration, Scientific Crime Detection, Traffic Law Enforcement, Po­lice Training and Police Records Administration. The college is offering a cer­tificate (удостоверение) programme in basic law enforcement for part-time students who are not candidates for an academic degree. The college is also offering a graduate programme for those who are about to take the Master (кандидат) of Science Degree iii Public Administration with specialization in I aw infbrceinenl.

In addition to a great number of police training institutions of higher learning of the Justice Department the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FI.FTC) in Glynco, Georgia, is providing law enforcement training for officers in other 59 federal agencies. This Center is a bureau of the Treasury Department (Министерство финансов). The graduates of the FLETC are going investigate financial fraud, alcohol, tobacco and firearms trade violations. They are to deal with the problems of Immigration and Naturalization Service, Order

\l.usliab (маршал, судебный исполнитель) Service, environmental

|н I ( i.iiiuiT.i ок'р) жакчкей среды). National Park Service, Customs

Rtirvue. forest Service. Fish and Wildlife Service, Secret Service, etc.

It's clear that higher education and extensive training of law enforcement nlli. • i . «iH greatly improve their professionalism and enable (давать Цнможность) them ю perform perfectly well under operational conditions.

3. My institute / academy I he purpose of this article is to detail some facts about militia officers naming at one of the colleges of law enforcement professional education in our i iniiitry my Law Institute/Academy. Like in all other colleges of the Interior llinr .не iwo kinds ol training militia personnel there: in-service and pre-service limning 'Ihere are iwo departments at the Institute 'Academy: the day department and the correspondence department. There are also refresher courses fm veteran-; of militia set vice, mostly men in command who arc going to move Btthc promotion ladder.

Now we arc goittg to give you some details of pie-service training at my Inxliltite/Aeadenn Пнтс are many young men in our country who are willing to lake up law enforcement to devote themselves to the solution of such big questions of liie a-, ci ;me prevention and crime decrease and who arc choosing Crime detection as their profession. This problem being very complex, there arc gome requirements for the entrants to ihe Institute. To ensure the proper Stan-dnids of Гшигс militia cadets and later on militia officers there is a thorough se­lection system In order to enter the ... Law Institute'Academy an applicant is to deal with entrance examinations. II there is a passing score, proper moral and Bysical standards, he is a freshman of the ... Law Institute/Academy.

There are routine regulations at the ... Taw Institute/Academy which all the Itudcnts arc to keep up with: while on duty they are to wear a militia uniform — V dark grey coat and trousers, a white holiday or a grey everyday shirt and a tie, nit overcoat and a cap. Black shoes are a must, and gaudy socks arc taboo. Ihe Mdct is to wear his hair cut in a (military) short fashion.

To achieve the objectives of modem detective training the trainee is to have actual knowledge of the following:

379. The prevention of crime.

380. The detection of crime

381. Investigational techniques.

382. Sources of evidence.

383. The administration of justice.

384. The criminal law.

Professional competence in a specialized course of militia science and in militia/public relations problems will equip the militia cadets for duty as detec­tives and help them to perform satisfactorily under operational conditions.

There are some important factors which are absolutely necessary to provide favourable working conditions for proper acquiring theoretical knowledge and getting practical skills and abilities.

Ts there anything of that kind at the... Law Institute/Academy?

First. Law enforcement experts of great practical experience. Professors, Doctors and Masters of Law, assistant-professors are giving lectures and pro­viding instruction and practice. They are doing their best to give the militia ca­dets professional specialization and general and cultural education, introduction of realism and visual aids into the course of studies raising effectiveness of the instruction.

Second. There are such facilities as specially equipped classrooms, lecture-halls, laboratories, two libraries, two good gyms and an open campus, a muster deck, two firearms ranges and a camp for field training at the disposal of the... Law Institute/Academy, which are conducive to study and physical training. There the trainees are getting formal and real education in a specialized and a general education course including lectures, seminars, case studies.

The duration of pre-scrvice training is four years, the student gradually going through freshman, sophomore, junior and senior years of intensive law-enforcement professional training and getting a diploma of a lawyer with spe­cialization in crime detection and criminal investigation.

Of course there is always an opportunity for further development at post­graduate courses for a Master's degree in Militia Science at the Moscow Acad­emy or some other Institute/Academy.

So there is every opportunity for the trainee of the ... Law Insti­tute/Academy to improve her/himself and be a law enforcement expert of high professional standards ready to meet the challenge of globalizing crime in a new millennium.

4. International police training in the United Kingdom

We are going to give you an idea of international police training at the Police Staff College, Bramshill ['bramshilj, and the Scarman Centre for the study of Public Order of the University of Leicester, Great Britain.

As part of the UK's National Police Training, the Police Staff College, Bramshill. is the principal seat of learning for current (действующий) and future police leaders, and is responsible for a comprehensive (исчерпывающий) programme of higher training, including international police training.

So Bramshill is a world-known centre of excellence (превосходешо) in the training and development of senior police officers both from Great Britain and other countries. There is a 12-month course for the most able young officers of Great Britain to compete (конкурировать) with other officers for promotion, and there is a ten-week, full-time course with three intakes (прием) each year for the senior police officers from foreign countries. For the past thirty years there were more than 1,000 high-ranking police officers from over 83 countries

ending overseas command courses. There are some entry requirements: the intrants are to be of a rank equivalent to superintendent in the UK police force Mini have potential for further advancement (продвижение) in their police ser­vices. Besides there is one more requirement concerning proficiency (чд. вла­дение) in Fnglish a score of 6.5 overall on the English Language Testing Service (ELTS), or its equivalent.

Police officers arc to study the International Commanders' Programme (ICP), the leader in the provision of management and operational command (kills training throughout the world. There is a unique experience for senior police officers at Bratnshill to explore (исследовать) British policing in theory hihI practice, to develop their approach (подход) to policing from an interna­tional perspective and to plan strategically for the future of policing in their own countries. In the course of studies there are lectures, seminars, visits and practi­cal demonstrations of the UK police methods, including a one-week practical Httuchmcnt (прикрепление) with a UK police force. So there is an opportunity for the officers to gain further knowledge from a real-life police settings (ок-ШЖаюшая обстановка, чд. оперативная обстановка).

There is a wide range of objectives at Bramshill: to increase understanding W the political, social and economic context of policing; to raise (повышать) Itrategic awareness (понимание); to develop the management and operational command skills: to provide opportunities for personal development; to promote international police networking (сеть вычислительных машин и банков данных).

There are close links and partnership of the Police Staff College and the Be arm an Centre of the University of Leicester. The instructors of the Interna­tional Commander?' Programme are primarily from the Police Staff College but there is some additional teaching by Scarman Centre staff of the University of Leicester to maximise the points of contact between academic study and police practice. Police experts in fields such as public order, police-community rela­tions, information technology and strategy are taking pail in the teaching proc­ess.

At the end of the course successful officers from the Police Staff College are to gel the University of Leicester Postgraduate Certificate in Criminal Justice und Police Management. There is an opportunity to proceed and convert (превратить) the Certificate to the Master of Science degree in Criminal Justice und Police Management through the Scarman Centre, an international centre of Jie study of disorder, crime, policing and social conflict. There are four post­graduate degrees for distance learning and live degrees for research at the Cen­tre. The formal links of the Scarman Centre with universities in different parts of world are growing from year to year, and it is leading the international rsuit (поиск) of knowledge in the criminal justice, penal policy, risk and se­curity management (обеспечение безопасности и устранение риска) through the multidisciplinarv development of theory, its application through research and research-led teaching.

So there is every opportunity for future law enforcement officers to develop their management and operational command skills and get the University of Leicester Postgraduate certificate in Criminal Justice and Police Management at the Police Staff College, Bramshill, and convert it to MSc degree in Criminal Justice and Police Management at the Scarman Centre of the University of Leicester.

5. The Urals State Law Academy

The Law Academy is one of die biggest higher educational institutions in our country. It was founded in April of 1931 on the basis of Irkutsk University as a law faculty. Later, it was reorganised into the Siberian Institute of Soviet Law. In 1934 the Institute moved into Sverdlovsk, got the name of Sverdlovsk Law Institute and bore this name till 1992. Now it is called the I Irals State Law Academy.

The Academy has three departments: full-time (day), part-time (evening) and correspondence. I here are five institutes at the day time department: of the Prosecutor's Office, of Justice, of Law and Business, of die Bar, of External Economic Relations. Besides, there are also two faculties: of Law and Psychology and of Secondary Professional Education (the former Law College).

The teaching staff is about 400 people: over fifty professors, more than 150 assistant professors, many experienced lecturers.

The student body of all the departments numbers more than 8,000 people and several tens of postgraduates.

The Academy trains judges, prosecutors, advocates, jurisconsults, investigators and other lawyers. After completing their education, our graduates can work at courts, prosecutor's offices, militia, the Bar, notary offices, other law enforcement organs, and also at state and government bodies of different levels, and in legal service of die national economy system.

All subjects taught at the Academy are divided into humane, theoretical and special. The students learn such special subjects as criminal law, civil law, criminal procedure, civil procedure, labour law, criminology, criminalistics, and others. Humane and theoretical subjects are: theory of state and law, history of state and law, philosophy, and others. These subjects form the students' worid outlook and improve the quality of their general education.

The academic year is divided into two semesters. Tests and examinations are taken after each semester. At the end of the whole course of studies the students take degree examinations, finals, as they are often called.

The timetable of lectures, tutorials and seminars is regulated by a study schedule. The students must attend seminars and tutorials and not miss lectures. They must do their best in using all the opportunities to become good specialists.

6. Oxford Univcrsitj

Oxford is a beautiful town on the River Thames about fifty miles m London. Some people say it is more beautiful than any other city England.

Oxford University was founded in the 12th century as an aristocratic university and has remained so to the present day. The University consists of 32 colleges - 27 colleges for men and 5 colleges for women. There are 16 faculties there. F.ach college is a completely autonomous body, governed by its own lews. Л large college has about 500 students, a small one - about a hundred. Several colleges say they are the oldest, but no other college is as old as rton, which began in 1264. The term of studies lasts for 10 weeks. There arc 3 terms in the Oxford academic year.

Within the first week the freshman meets his tutor who tells the student about his plans, the lectures which he musl take, about the requirements for the examination which he will take, about the course of reading for him. Attendance tit lectures is not compulsory. Once every week each undergraduate goes to his tutor's room to read out an essay which lie has written and discuss this essay with the tutor.

At the beginning or end of each term the progress of the students is tested by the college examinations.

The) pay great attention to athletics at die Universily. The students are engaged in different kinds of sports, rake part in competitions between Oxford and Cambridge Universities.

This is how a student spends his day. His working hours arc from 9 to I. At 9 o'clock he sees his tutor or goes to the library, or attends lectures. From 2 to 5 be is engaged in spons and all kinds of exercise. From 5 to 7 he works in the library or laboratory. At 7 o'clock they have dinner-time. After dinner the students have club activities, debating societies, etc.

By 10 o'clock ihe students must be in the college, as most of students live in the colleges, only some of them live in lodgings in the town.

Ihe doors of Oxford University are not open to all. The majority of the students are graduates of private schools, so Oxford University remains an aristocratic universily to the present day.

7. Police Academy in New York

The principal agency tor carrying out the education and training function within New York City Police Department (an organization of almost 35.000 police and civilian personnel) is Academy.

Five sections organize the work of the Academy: Recruit (raining section: Advanced and specialized training section; firearms section; training services section; and administrative section. The key units are the first three.

The Academy works at the Police Academy building 235 Hast 20th Street, New York City, which was built in 1964. The police laboratory is on the eighth floor. The library, administrative offices, a conference mom are on the sixth floor. The fifth floor is principally devoted to classrooms. There are 13 regular classrooms, one seminar room, a lecture hall there. The muster deck is on the third floor. The auditorium, widi 495 seats, the police museum and a recruit muster deck share the second floor and the first floor is occupied by the gymnasium and open campus. The pool is located in the basement, as are the physical school offices and a garage with accommodation for 38 cars.

The usual routine consists of 3 hours per day of physical training for the recruit and 4 hours per day of academic training. (They have a 50-minute class period). The current academic program m the recruit curriculum is divided into 5 divisions and consists of 312 hours of academic instruction. There arc, in addition, 192 hours of physical instruction and 56 hours in firearms, making a total recruit program of 560 hours.

The recruit makes acquaintance of the development of legal process in society (e.g. cooperation with governmental agencies, the courts, criminal law and modus operandi, etc.). Police recruit training includes subject matter which will provide a better understanding of human behavior and which will develop proper altitudes on the part of police (psychology and the police, human relations, crime and delinquency causation, police ethics, etc.). The following is a list of some of the program topics:

New laws (repeated each year)

Law of arrest

Lawful use of force (the use of deadly force) Basic ethics Narcotics and the law Psychology and human relations Organized crime-Youth and the police Evidence and testimony Auto theft Basic patrol tactics Crime scene tactics The citizen's role in crime prevention and mam others.

(from '(Police Training and Performance Study*, Washington)

I nit 3

Task: Read and translate the texts. Put five different types of questions.

1. The Bar

In accordance with the Constitution, the main task of the Bar is rendering legal assistance to citizens and organizations. The Bar promotes the protection of the lawful rights and interests of citizens and organizations, the administration of justice, the observance of laws.

Advocates are united into professional organizations - colleges of advocates (the Bar). A college is built on the principle of self-government, which means its right, to decide its internal affairs independently.

Members of the Bar give advice on juridical matters, oral and written information on legislation, draw petitions, complaints and other legal documents; act as their clients' representatives in court, arbitration and other state organs lor civil and administrative cases; participate in the preliminary investigation and in court in criminal cases as counsels for the defence; represent victims, plaintiffs, defendants.

As a rule, colleges have their own legal advice offices.

2. Notary service

There are many notary offices in our country. Their task is to check the egality of all transactions or documents they witness and to give legal advice |nd to render assistance to institutions, enterprises, organizations and individuals in protecting their legitimate interests. In doing so, notary offices establish identity, legal capacity and legal ability of the parties concerned, and the authenticity of their documents.

The notaries and the entire staff of the notary offices arc bound to keep all the matters they handle or come across in performing their duties, professional ■ecrct.

Their duty also consists in helping applicants to make wills, in drawing deeds of gift, conveyance, purchase and sale. They attest wills, deeds and writings; verify copies of documents; certify translations of documents into foreign and native languages.

Besides, they make measures to guarantee the safety of the property left by deceased persons, and they issue certificates granting the right to inherit this property.

3. The prosecutor's office

The Prosecutor's Office in the tsarist Russia was established in 1722. The ssian Prosecutor's Office was founded in 1922. It exercises general

supervision over observance of laws, lis main function is lo see that all laws are correctly and uniformly applied throughout die country.

Any citizen of the Russian Federation can complain lo the Prosecutor's Office against violation of his/her rights. A prosecutor also has the right lo appeal against all unlawful decisions and actions of state organs and officials.

The Prosecutor's Office institutes criminal proceedings and investigates criminal cases. Investigators ascertain the circumstances under which crimes were committed, collect evidence against the perpetrators of crimes and their accomplices. Then courts try the cases submitting to them by die Prosecutor's Office, and the prosecutor brings a charge before the court in the name of the state. After the trial the prosecutor checks the sentences and judgements handed down by the court as to their legality. He has the right to enter any appeal if in his opinion the sentence or judgement is erroneous.