3. Read and translate the text. Medicine in ancient times

Medical care is one of the oldest professions in the history of man­kind. In ancient times people believed that diseases were caused by the evil spirits or the anger of the gods. So the earliest "cures" were prayers and use of magic.

In ancient civilization medical advice came not only from healers, but from the folk wisdom of many generations. Folk medicine pre­scribed a dirty sock around the neck if you wanted to cure the com­mon cold or a pair of shoes placed upside down under the bed to re­lieve leg cramps. Tobacco juice was supposed to heal an earache and black pepper to cure asthma. Folklore was also full of warnings. Amu­lets were trusted medical devices.

Some medical discoveries of curative value were made by prehis­toric and ancient people. As far back as 10,000 years ago, prehistoric healers performed trephining, in which a hole was cut in the patient's skull to relieve pressure on the brain. Fragments of pre-Christian Egyptian writing describe a routine scheme from the patient's symptoms to physical examination and then to suggested therapy and prognosis.

In China, acupuncture has been a part of Chinese medicine since ancient times. Originally it was used to treat diseases; nowadays acupunc­ture's effectiveness in controlling chronic pain has become more widely used. Scientists believe that the needles may stimulate the brain to pro­duce morphine like painkillers called endorphins and encephalin.

Hippocrates, the ancient physician commonly considered the fa­ther of medicine, was born in Greece in 460 B.C. He supposed that disease had only natural causes. Hippocrates was the first to separate art and science of medicine from the practice of religion.

In the second century A.D., Greek physician Galen insisted that the study of anatomy is a basis for medical facts.

4. Find English equivalents in the text.

Медична допомога, старіша професія, античні часи, використовували магію, цивілізація, приписують, навколо шиї, пара черевиків, чорний перець, фольклор, амулети, лікарі, череп пацієнта, мозок, фрагменти, єгиптяни, симптоми, фізична перевірка, голковколювання, хронічна біль, широко використовується, стимулює мозок, ендорфін, хвороба, Гіппократ, наука медицини, пракування релігії, у другому столітті, медичні факти.

5. Answer the questions.

1. What methods were used in the past to prevent illnesses?

2. What is the oldest profession?

3. What is acupuncture?

4. What country is famous for using acupuncture in ancient times?

5. Why is the study of limning anatomy important for physician's work?

6. How were diseases treated in early societies?

7. Did prehistoric and ancient peoples make any medical discoveries of curative value? What are they?

8. Is doctor-patient relationship important for medical career?

9. What country were medicinal plants traditionally used in?

10. Why was Galen's anatomical research of great value?