10. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1. People appeased the gods in ritualistic ceremonies ending in sacrifice or expulsion of the wrongdoer. 2. Numerous administrative agencies now make rules that deal with all kinds of activity, including licensing and protection of health. 3. Recently there have been continuous debates regarding the legitimacy of government intervention in matters of birth control. 4. In the 6^th century a commission consolidated all sources of law including the opinions of great legal scholars. 5. All criminal trials in Britain are held before a judge and a jury consisting of 12 ordinary people. 6. Looking back over English legal history it is plain to see that the old local customs at and around the time of the Norman Conquest are the historical source of the common law. 7. When emerging from the Lords the Bill may be amended. 8. Being the most serious offences, these cases are always tried by federal court judges.

11. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Сенат, що складається з сенаторів штатів; люди, що голосують на виборах; партія, що керує країною; закон, що захищає права громадян; законотворчий орган; партія, що перемагає на виборах; кабінет, що складається з міністрів.

12. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Конгрес має великі повноваження, включаючи владу стягувати податки, позичати гроші, платити борги та регулювати комерційні справи між штатами. 2. Судді, які обіймають посаду все життя, можуть бути звільнені тільки після процесу імпічменту. 3. Конгрес, який складається з двох палат, має владні повноваження щодо вирішення внутрішніх справ. 4. У Королівському суді Об'єднаного Королівства працюють три види суддів, залежно від серйозності справи. 5. Дії або закони, що порушують Конституцію, можуть бути визнані недійсними. 6. Після відправлення вбивці до тюрми, суддя зітхнув з полегшенням. 7. Конгресc займається справами відносин з іншими країнами, регулюючи комерцію з іноземними державами.

UNIT 9

International law

I. Read and memorize the following words:

Experience, concern, criteria, procedure, dispute, justiciable, impartial, variety, authority, violence, fraud, essentially, consensus, tribunal, Europe, North and South America, Asia, the United States, adjudication.

II. Read and translate the text.

International law

By its nature, international law is a common concern of all states, a product of legal culture, thought and experience of many different societies. The central concern of international law is the relations among states. The role of international law is to establish a workable framework for intergovernmental relations, and to provide criteria and procedures for the settlement of international disputes which are, or can be made, justiciable.

«Justiciable» is a lawyer’s word. It is used to describe disputes of a kind that can be resolved justly and peacefully by inpartial tribunal on the basis of commonly accepted legal principles. In any civilized society, there are an immense range and variety of disputes that are justiciable, and are effectively resolved under law. In even the most highly civilized and law - abiding states, however, many disputes are generally recognized to be nonjusticiable. They must be resolved through factors and processes other than adjudication. A familiar example is the struggle for political authority and control, which takes place at regular intervals within the United States, at the levels of the national, state and local governments. These struggles are resolved by elections, which are contests of power. Law plays a part, but only in the sense that it sets limits within which the contest goes forward. Law prohibits violence and fraud, and law determines who may participate in the contest as candidate or voter. Within this framework, the outcome is left to the play of political, economic and social forces. Another illustration may be drawn from labor relations. With in limits set by law, disputes among employers and labor unions, which cannot be settled through negotiations and agreements, are resolved by strikes.

As the life of a legal system is measured, international law is strill young. Its beginnings are usually traced to the middle of the sixteenth century or the early part of the seventeenth century in Europe. Until the nineteenth century, it was essentially a European, and largely a West European development. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, international law has had to grow and accomodate itself to a much vaster international society, comprehending the states of North and South America, Asia, Africa and Australia.

International law is partly customary and partly conventional. Customary international law reflects a consensus among nations, which through common practice used long enough has crystallized into law. Conventional international law is that part of international law which is established by convention or treaty.