2. Practise connected reading:

are concerned, to satisfy human needs, is characterised by, to be part of a team, the best way possible, simple or ex­tremely complex, they are well-trained, environmental, en­gineering and organizational efforts,, in various areas of science and production, applied mathematics and cybernetics, the design process itself, different phases of the design process, the designer's overall problem, a lot of engineering and organ­izational efforts.

• •

TEXT A. THE DESIGNING ENGINEER

Practical applications of the developments of physics, mathematics and other sciences are realized by engineers. The engineer, designing engineer is the main motive power of the technological progress. Engineers concern themselves with the application of science and technology to satisfy human needs. In their work they are guided by the latest achieve­ments of science and technology. The essence of engineering 18

is characterized by the design process in which resources are transformed in the best way possible into needed devices, machines or systems. This transformation starts with the re­cognition of some need and progresses to the physical imple­mentation which satisfies this need. The device, machine or system which results may be simple or extremely complex.

What is the role of an individual engineer in it? He may be responsible for the complete process. It is far more usual," however, for him to be part of a team, consisting not only of engineers, and concern himself only with his speciality and its interaction with the total project. Now let us look at the design process itself from the point of view of the role of the engineer in it.

In general, engineering design can be of two kinds. Some­thing completely new may result or the design may produce an improved form of something already in existence. The ac­cent on different phases of the design process will differ in each case.

In describing the engineer's role in this process, two ap­proaches are possible. One way is to look at the life cycle of the product itself from conception to retirement. ThisJs usu­ally referred to as the morphology of the design process. Its phases may be described as follows: needs analysis, feasibili­ty study, preliminary design, detailed design, production, distribution, consumption, retirement.

The second method of describing the design process, called the anatomy of the design, involves a detailed exam­ination of the designer's actions in identifying and solving his problem^The following main steps characterize it! prob­lem statement and needs formulation, information collec­tion, modelling, value statement, synthesis of alternatives, analysis and testing, evaluation, decision, optimization, iteration, communication.

Each step in the morphology points to a problem which needs to be solved and so, broadly speaking, the anatomy of design deals with each step.

It goes without saying that the role of the Engineer in these phases is different. Each phase, however, contributes to the designer's overall problem. It is completion of the de­tailed design phase that results in a set of working drawings. The latter, if acceptable, are transmitted to the manufac­ture. It is only in the production phase that the product first appears as a physical reality.'

Before this moment a lot of engineering and organizational efforts were applied. The designing engineer cannot do without

19knowledge or information in many fields other than those of engineering. In fact, most of the branches of engineering are closely related with one or more sections of physics. Civil engineering, for instance, applies the principles of mechan­ics, mechanical engineering utilizes the laws of mechanics and heat, electrical engineering is based on fundamentals of electricity, etc. One of the tools common to physics and engineering is mathematics. Physics and mathematics are thus the basic "foundations of engineering". In his practical work the designing engineer is faced with the importance of choosing suitable engineering materials. They must be high­ly reliable and most economical. In recent years, as we knew, some materials are scarce so the engineer must be able to select substitute materials.

Thus a modern engineer must get a substantial training in subjects of his speciality as well as in such subjects as ap­plied physics and mathematics, chemistry, computers and robotics, environmental engineering, systems engineering, computer-aided design, research-on-research, management science, etc. He must have a scientific attitude, imagin­ation, initiative and good judgement. In fact, it is often the engineer's reading of constraints and criteria in areas unfamil­iar to him that decides the final success of his design.

VOCABULARY NOTES

1. motive power — рушійна сила

2. to concern oneself (with) — займатися, цікавитися

3. to be guided (by) — керуватися

4. to be responsible for — відповідати за (щось)

   0. it goes without saying (that) — само собою зрозуміло (що)

      6. environmental engineering — техніка моделювання експлуатаційних умов

      7. system engineering — системний метод розребкн

      8. research-on-rcsearch — наукознавство

      9. management science — наука про управління

      10. substantial training — ґрунтовна підготовка

      11. deep knowledge — глибокі знання

      12. broadly speaking — в загальних рисах

      13. fundamentals of sciences — основи наук

      14. areas unfamiliar to smb.— області, незнайомі кому-небудь

      15. a lot of (many/much) — багато

      16. to be faced with — стикатися з (чимось)

EX ERCISES

0. In the text find words which can form:

1) adjectives after the models: a) A + -ah metallurgic — metallurgical

2. S + -al: culture — cultural

3. V + -ing: cut — cutting

2) verbs after the model S + -ize: computer — compu­terize.

2. Add the prefixes un- or in- to the following adjectives and translate them into Ukrainian:

complete, successful, disputable, remarkable, surprising, limited, natural, qualified, favourable, expected, special­ized, trained, scientific, active, economical, important, de­veloped, familiar.

2. Translate the following Noun + Noun combination into Ukrainian:

motive power, world science, preliminary design, compu­ter technology, institute curricula, materials science, manage­ment science, institute graduate, mechanical engineer­ing.

2. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

industrial, culture, design, process, phase, technology, optimization, resource, fact, institution, initiative, realize, basis, production, complex, communication.

2. Translate into Ukrainian and state the part of speech of the following words:

to explore — explorer — exploration — explorative to invent — inventor — invention — inventive to generate — generator — generation — generative to educate — educator — education — educative to introduce — introducer — introduction— introduc- tive

to reduce — reducer — reduction — reductive

to apply — applied application — applicable

to satisfy — satisfied — satisfaction — satisfactory

Choose English equivalents of the following Ukrainian words:конструкція

пристрій

впровадження

навчальний план

виробництво

основи

устаткування

сила

power

production equipment foundation device

design

curriculum

implementatio

2. nUse the following words and word-combinations as "left" or "right" modifiers of the noun "engineer":

contemporary, construction, instrument-making plant, designer, inventor, highly-qualified, well-trained, leading, deep knowledge, practical skills, computing technology.

2. Combine the words "advanced", "leading", "progres­sive" with a proper English word to form the word-combina- tions correspsnding to fhe following Ukrainian ones: передова наука article

прогресивні ідеї mankind

specialist

science

man

technology

ideas

worker

writer

engineer

team

прогресивна технологія course/studies

прогресивна людина прогресивний письменник передовий робітник передова бригада передова стаття провідний інженер провідний спеціаліст прогресивне людство поглиблений курс

2. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

   1. similar meaning; fierce, advanced, broad, severe, deep, indisputable, tremendous, wide, highly-qualified, devel­oped, unquestionable, profound, well-trained, remarkable;

   2. opposite meaning:, complete, high, favourable, impor­tant, advanced, short, peaceful, incomplete, low, broad, long, unfavourable, unimportant, backward, military, narrow.-

3. Form the Past Indefinite and the Past Participle of the fol­lowing verbs and read them aloud:

to satisfy, to invent, to apply, to design, to choose, to say, to realize, to think, to test, to cut, to lead, to meet, to have, to grow, to read.

2. Give the plural of the following words of Greek and Latin origin after the models and read them:

radius — radii: focus, nucleus, terminus;

stratum — strata: datum, curriculum, medium, spectrum;

formula — formulae: antenna;

index — indices: appendix, matrix, radix;

series — series: species;

phenomenon — phenomena: automaton, criterion.

2. In the following word-combinations use "of-phrase" i istead of the Possessive Case:

our country's technical achievements, the engineer's de­sign, our country's advanced science, Ukraine's scientific-

technological potential, mankind's greatest advance, con­temporary engineers' creative initiative, Ukraine's leading position, world's first space flight, higher technical establish­ment's curricula, the designer's overall problem.

2. Use the Possessive Case of the Nouns where possible:

the talent of the engineer, the discovery of the scientist,

the labour resources of the country, the-training of the engin­eers, the post-graduates of the institute, the invention of our research workers, the abilities of the man, the contribu­tion of our scientists, scientific groups and societies of the students of our institutes, training of highly qualified spe­cialists.

2. Make up sentences of the following words and word- combinations:

1. to establish, the designer, the relevant constraints and criteria, the design process, of, establish, must, from the beginning, which, his efforts, will guide;

2. is increasing, the technological revolution, the role of, engineers, research-workers, design engineers, in the per­iod of;

3. deal with, engineers, and construction, or mechanic engineer, design, turbines, of steam engines, conveyers, ele­vators, etc.;

4. and space engineering, in the middle of, such branches of engineering as, the 20th century, there appeared, nuclear engineering;

5. our engineers, socially useful persons, must be, and, active public figures.

   15. Put questions to the words in bold type and translate them into Ukrainian: •

1. Person-machine systems have a variety of different in­terfaces between the person and the machine. 2. Scientific and technical achievements of our country are undisputable. 3. In our higher schools a great attention is paid to the devel­opment of students' scientific world outlook. 4. An important pole in the course of intensifying the economy will be played by engineers. 5. Only a well-trained engineer can cope with his tasks. 6. Many achievements of our scientists and engin­eers are recognized all over the world.

• • ^m -m

15. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form, state the type of Predicates and translate the sentences into Ukrai­nian:

1. In Ukraine there (to be) a single system of education. 2. In our country there (to be) no single, standardized and absolutely identical curricula. 3. At various departments of secondary technical schools and higher educational establish­ments there (to be) different sets of subjects. 4. Any citizen of our country (to have) right to free education ancj, training according to his choice. 5. At present there (fo fe)^vhundreds of subdivisions of engineering and engineers. 6. Graduates of specialized and polytechnic institutes (to get) a deep know- bdge of fundamental sciences and special subjects.

15. Insert appropriate prepositions:

The successful work ... an enterprise is largely dependent ... highly qualified management. It involves a complex ... managerial abilities, skills and techniques ... dealing ... eco­nomic, technical and human problems.

All ... the world there is nowadays a growing awareness ... the importance ... management. Post-graduate training courses ... management are held ... universities and techni­cal institutes. Management became a subject ... scientific study and research.

15. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Інженерів готують у технічних вузах і на деяких фа­культетах університетів. 2. У мене багато товаришів у по­літехнічному інституті. 3. Багато відкриттів наших учених та інженерів запатентовано за рубежем. 4. Деякі випуск­ники нашого факультету мають намір вступати до аспіран­тури. 5. Чи впроваджена якась твоя раціоналізаторська пропозиція? 6. Досягнення науки і техніки використову­ються для блага всього людства.

15. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What is the main motive power of the technological prog­ress? 2. What are our achievements in science and technol­ogy? 3. What facts can prove the importance of science for tech­nology? 4. In what fields of science and technology have we high results? 5. What does Ukraine produce? 6. What is the role of an engineer in the technological progress? 7. Where are engineers trained? 8. What subjects are important for future engineers? 9. What qualities of an engineer are im­portant? 10. What decides the final success of an engineer's design?

Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.TEXT B. AN ENGINEER FOR THE LATE

20th CENTURY

1. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:

toward [to'woid], process ['prousesl, idea [ai'dio]-, varie­ty [va'raiati], recentl ^r/ ' " ^{1 ! r/} -^{; 1} *hout

[0ru:'aut], flexibility

2. Words and expressions necessary to comprehend the text:

the late 20th century — кінець XX століття, to predict — передбачати, application — застосування, to turn (into) — перетворюватися (в), flexibility — гнучкість, at a rapid pace — швидким кроком, з великою швидкістю, part-time course — курс без відриву від виробництва, to issue (a cer­tificate) — видати- (посвідчення), prerequisite knowledge — необхідні знання, to take into account — враховувати, бра­ти до уваги, exacting situation — складна ситуація, in advance — заздалегідь.

TEXT

In the conditions of the scientific and technological prog­ress science turns into a direct productive force. Application of science in today's production is already considerable.

Ukraine has taken on a course toward intensifying the mar­ket economy. An important role in this process is played by engineers.

That's why much attention is paid to restructuring spe­cialized secondary and higher technical schools.

Our higher schools began establishing a variety of courses giving engineers a chance to study additional specializations. Recently, for example, the medical engineering industry has developed at a rapid pace. Advanced medical treatment re­quires the creation of complex and specialized equipment. No technical higher school has so far produced engineers in this field. Yet the necessary knowledge can be acquired by an engineer attending a two-year part-time course

As a rule, such courses are attended by highly qualified engineers. Having gained the prerequisite knowledge in phys­iology, anatomy, and biology, an engineer gets a certificate which officially allows him to work in medical engineering. Special training is now available to all those who wish to gain knowledge in laser technologies. After all lasers are employed in thermal treatment, welding and metal cutting, in surgi­cal operations and in dozens of other areas. Similar courses are arranged for managers. 25

TEXT

The present-day scientific and technological progress con­stantly brings changes in the organization of production, working conditions and in the working environment.

The further build-up of our economy, its transition to the road of intensive development and market set the task of reconstructing the organization of management in all its spheres.

The industrial engineer (engineer economist! is in the fore­front of the industry. It is one of the fastest growing and fastest changing engineering professions. Industrial engineer is concerned with industrial engineering'problems. He deals with such questions as: What is to be made and how much of it? How can a product be made most economically? What facil­ities, equipment and manpower are necessary for the pro­duction of certain items? How much will the production cost? Where should a plant be sited? All these and many other related problems of industrial engineering aim at assisting management in optimizing the gains and minimizing the risk of an enterprise. For this purpose the industrial engineer is engaged in solving such problems as: capital investment, the overall material flow, production scheduling, the rate of pro­duction, product selling price, labour productivity (reduction of labour cost, longer equipment life, reduction of power consumption, etc.), designing improvement of innovations.

Industrial engineers are trained at specialized higher edu­cational establishments and specialized departments of techni­cal institutes and universities. Apart from general education­al and fundamental sciences, students take advanced cour­ses in economics, management science. They are well-trained in statistics, cybernetics, programming, electronic equipment, ecology problems, foreign languages, etc.

The modern educational system must be based on the uni­ty of the study process, research and practical training. Apart from theoretical studies, students carry out lab tests, works at designing bureaus, take industrial training at enterprises and on construction sites, design machines and projects, etc.

In the electronic age with its advances in the field of com­puters, microelectronics and cybernetics, the industrial en­gineer must be able to make use of computer technique and mathematical methods in decision-making, in drawing long- range and current plans, in programming, etc. Automated control systems perform such operations as data processing, accounting and controlling every kind of activity so that the industrial engineer has to do only with integrated systems of men, materials and equipment. Now he spends more and more of his work time on streams of information and information processing.

Thus at present, the industrial engineer occupies a promi­nent position in modern production processes. His efforts are directed at using human and other resources to achieve cer­tain goals in the most efficient manner.

Industrial engineers should bring the methods of economic management in conformity with the modern level of devel­opment of the country's productive forces.

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Read the text and answer the following questions:

1. What problems is industrial engineer concerned with?

2. Who decides where a plant should be sited? 3. Why is the problem of labour productivity one of the most important nowadays? 4. How can the reduction of power consumption be achieved? 5. How can students take part in research work? 6. Can you say anything about a designing bureau in your institute?

11. Make a plan and render the text.

LESSON FOUR

Grammar: 1.	Word Order in the Simple Sen­
•	tences with "It is (was/were)... that
	(who, when)" Construction.
2.	The Present Perfect (Active Voice).
3.	The Numeral.
4.	Word-building.

READING EXERCISES

1. Practise reading the following words:

often, given, listen, written, lived, learned, driven, ca­pable.

2. Practise reading the two-syllable words:

human, language, statement, product, social, custom, careful, meaning, logic, music, absence, frequent, Europe, latter, minus, essay, treatment, carry, clumsy, sometimes, method, powerful, merely, second, level;

concise, because, conceal, consist, design, translate, pre­cise, upon, pervade, include, belief, become, idea, com­plete, themselves, denote, itself, appear, displace, notation, survive, supply, extreme, permit, consider, involve, effect, subject, attach, transform.

3. Read observing the correct pronunciation of vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables:

language, algebra, alphabet, practical, capable, par­ticular, common, consonant, level, general, even, letter, ex­cept, develop.

4. Read the following many-syllable words:

influence, reasoning, capacity, typical, gradual, even­tual, superscript, century, magnitude, consonant, alphabet, geometry, quantity, difficult, literal, ambiguity, paraphrase, equivalent.