Variant 7

1 Translate the following text in written form using a dictionary:

Starting-up Financing

The young businessman must find sources of money that will last until revenue begins to exceed cash outflows. He must be creative in finding start-up funding. New small businesses can start with the businessman's own assets. On top of that, start-up financing may come from friends and relatives. The larger businesses can obtain funds from venture capital investors.

One of the personal assets the businessman can use to raise funds for the business is his home. The value of the home that the owner has paid for is called the owner's equity in the home. By pledging this, equity, the homeowner can obtain a second mortage or a home equity loan.

A businessman can find another source of start-up financing by a life insurance policy. Many policies build up cash surrender value - the money that the policy holder can borrow at a low interest rate.

Those who need more funds can obtain a variable rate installment loan. It is a personal loan with an interest rate tied to the prime rate or some other index. When the index changes the rate changes in the same direction.

2 Answer the following questions:

1 How long does the start up money have to last?

2 What money can small businesses start with?

3 What are the personal assets that can be used to raise start up funds?

3 Match the words with their definitions:

IMPROVE, TO CALL FOR, PROVIDED, ADVANTAGES

1 To demand, to require.

2 Anything favorable to success.

3 Under certain conditions.

4 To make better or more perfect.

4 Translate the following sentences into English paying special attention to the use of the modal verbs:

1 Они смогли выполнить все условия договора.

2 Это письмо надо будет отослать немедленно.

3 Пароход должен был выйти из порта в понедельник, но из-за шторма ему пришлось остаться в порту до вторника.

4 Если бы все меры были приняты, этого могло бы не произойти.

5 Товары не надо посылать самолетом.

5 Translate the following sentences into Russian using the gerund:

1 The sellers were informed of the importance of preparing the goods for shipment immediately.

2 The steamer left the port without having taken sufficient bunker coal on board.

3 Extensions are being made tо the factory with a view to increasing the output.

4 We have heard оf an agreement having been reached.

5 The loss resulted from the vessel being prevented from loading a full cargo.

6 Translate the following sentences into English:

1 Они решили этот вопрос до того, как мы приехали.

2 Завтра в это время мы будем подъезжать (приближаться) к Киеву.

3 Это письмо только что подписано директором.

4 Заключение соглашения комментировалось в газетах.

5 Мы уже пришли домой, когда пошел дождь.

7 Translate the following sentences into Russian and state the forms and functions of participles:

1 Seeing her he raised his hat.

2 Signing the letter the manager gave it to the secretary asking her to send it off at once.

3 Informed of the arrival of the vessel, they sent their agent to the port.

4 Being told of his arrival, I went to see him.

5 Having been three times seriously wounded, he was no longer fit for active service.

8 Use the verbs in brackets in the correct forms:

1 I (to know) him ever since we (to be) children.

2 I shall cash the cheque as soon as the bank (to-be) open. .

3 The contract (to type) before the director comes to the office.

4 He said he (to reach) home by midnight.

5 All the students (to examine) by five o'clock.

9 Translate the following sentence into English using infinitives:

1 Сегодня слишком холодно, чтобы спать с открытым окном.

2 Он достаточно умен, чтобы понять это.

3 Он положил ключ в портфель, чтобы не потерять его.

4 Чтобы объяснить эту задачу, он начертил диаграммы на всей доске.

5 Пароход "Минск" был зафрахтован, чтобы перевезти груз леса.

10 Change the following sentences from Active to Passive. Do not change the tense:

1 A railway line connects the village with the town.

2 We have to do this work every day.

3 They pay him regularly.

4 Many facts accounted for the rise in the price of tin.

5 You should refer to this quotation more often.