Variant 2

1 Translate the following text in written form using a dictionary:

Starting-up Financing

The young businessman must find sources of money that will last until revenue begins to exceed cash outflows. He must be creative in finding start-up funding. New small businesses can start with the businessman's own assets. On top of that, start-up financing may come from friends and relatives. The larger businesses can obtain funds from venture capital investors.

One of the personal assets the businessman can use to raise funds for the business is his home. The value of the home that the owner has paid for is called the owner's equity in the home. By pledging this, equity, the homeowner can obtain a second mortage or a home equity loan.

A businessman can find another source of start-up financing by a life insurance policy. Many policies build up cash surrender value - the money that the policy holder can borrow at a low interest rate.

Those who need more funds can obtain a variable rate installment loan. It is a personal loan with an interest rate tied to the prime rate or some other index. When the index changes the rate changes in the same direction.

2 Answer the following questions:

1 How long does the start up money have to last?

2 What money can small businesses start with?

3 What are the personal assets that can be used to raise start up funds?

3 Match the words with their definitions:

IMPROVE, TO CALLFOR, PROVIDED, ADVANTAGES

1 To demand, to require.

2 Anything favorable to success.

3 Under certain conditions.

4 To make better or more perfect.

4 Translate the following sentences into English paying special attention to the use of the modal verbs:

1 В прошлом году он не мог бегло говорить по-английски.

2 Эту работу надо сделать очень тщательно.

3 Согласно договору, товары должны быть поставлены в июне.

4 Им, вероятно, сообщили об этом несколько дней назад.

5 Эти сведения нельзя было нигде получить.

5 Translate the following sentences into Russian using the gerund:

1 Be careful in crossing the street.

2 This prevented the letter from, being sent off.

3 There was no chance of finding a vessel of the required size.

4 She wrote the letter without my knowing it.

5 I haven't heard of his having been offered the post of director at the new factory.

6 Translate the following sentences into English:

1 Машинистка напечатала все письма до того, как пришел директор.

2 Мы пришли домой, когда солнце ещё светило.

3 Товары доставлены сегодня самолетом.

4 Нам не показали каталогов, которые были получены из Лондона.

5 Солнце еще не взошло, когда я проснулся.

7 Translate the following sentences into Russian and state the forms and functions of participles:

1 You can get the book recommended by our teacher in the library.

2 He asked her to go on with her story; promising not to interrupt her again.

3 Not receiving any letters from her father, she sent him a telegram.

4 Having arranged everything, he went home by the 10.30 train.

5 The steamer now being unloaded by the workers will leave the port tomorrow morning.

8 Use the verbs in brackets in the correct forms:

1 Аlthough the weather (to be) fine during the last few days, this summer is not a good one on the whole.

2 When I (to get) to the station, I (to learn) that the train (to leave) a few minutes before.

3 The letter (to type) by the typist when I came in.

4 He generally (to play) tennis very well, but today he (to play) very badly.

5 After the accident he (to take) home immediately.

9 Translate the following sentences into English using infinitives:

1 Я сейчас же запишу номер вашего телефона, чтобы не забыть.

2 Он слишком устал, чтобы пойти туда сейчас.

3 Я пришел, чтобы поговорить с вами о важном деле.

4 Он пришел сюда, чтобы поговорить со мной, а не с вами.

5 Машина ждала у дверей, чтобы отвезти их на вокзал.

10 Change the following sentences from Active to Passive. Do not change the tense:

1 The director has just signed the letter.

2 The accountant must check the invoice.

3 They granted the firm a long term credit.

4 Everybody looked at them when they entered the hall.

5 I am afraid that they will not arrive at an agreement.