Variant №7

Translate the following text in written form using a dictionary:

Wholesaling

Wholesaling is a part of the marketing system. It provides channels of distribution which help to bring goods to the market. Generally indirect channels are used to market manufactured consumer goods. It could be from the manufacturer to the wholesaler, from the retailer to the consumer or through more complicated channels. A direct channel moves goods from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer. Wholesaling is often a field of small business, but there is a growing chain movement in the western countries. About a quarter of wholesaling units account for one-third of total sales. Two-thirds of the wholesaling middlemen are merchant wholesalers who take title to the goods they deal in. There are also agent middlemen who negotiate purchases or sales or both. They don't take title to the goods they deal in. Sometimes they take possession though. These agents don't earn salaries. They receive commissions. This is a percentage of the value of the goods they sell.

Wholesalers simplify the process of distribution. For example, the average supermarket stocks 5,000 items in groceries alone, a retail druggist can have more than 6,000 items. As a wholesaler handles a large assortment of items from numerous manufacturers he reduces the problems of both manufacturers and retailer.

2 Answer the questions:

1. What is the aim of wholesaling?

2. How can you describe a direct channel of distribution?

3. What is an indirect channel of distribution?

3 Change the following statements to question beginning with the question words given:

1. He is fond of fishing. (What)

2. In winter he spends hours on end near ice holes. (Where)

3. Last year during my winter vacation I travelled by train. (When, how)

4. I shall be finishing my work at 10 tomorrow. (Who, when)

5. These goods were brought last week. (What, when)

4 Translate the following sentences into English and state their tense and voice:

1. Этот дом был построен в прошлом году.

2. Приятная новость была сообщена им.

3. Мэри попросила мужа купить их старшему сыну подарок ко дню рождения.

4. За ним следовала большая толпа людей.

5. Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлом собрании.

5 Use the verbs in brackets in the correct forms:

1. I (to see) him last Monday.

2. We usually (to pass) exams in June.

3. Exercises (to write) in the classroom every day.

4. London (to stand) on the river Thames.

5. He (to go) to Minsk last summer.

6 Change each of the following sentences into interrogative and negative forms:

1. He sleeps in the open air.

2. The radio set in the open air.

3. She bought a new dress last week.

4. English films are shown at the cinema every Friday.

5. They returned to Moscow from Sochi two months ago.

7 Change the following sentences from Active to Passive. Do not change the tense:

1. They often refer to his book.

2. I am sure that nobody will object to this plan.

3. Nobody laughed at him when he said it.

4. The sun attracts the planets.

5. My son takes French books from the library.

8 Translate the following sentences into Russian and state their tense and voice:

1. We shall have a dictation tomorrow.

2. Do you live on the ground floor?

3. Marry did not write a letter yesterday.

4. The captain was instructed to discharge the cargo in Odessa.

5. The buyers were allowed 10 per cent discount.