2) Match the two parts of the sentences.

1) if you go to bed late a) it will increase your chances of circulation problems

2) if you have enough sleep b) you will put on weight

3) if you eat between meals c) you will lack energy and you will age faster

4) if you smoke d) it will ensure your intake of health-giving vitamins

5) if you are overweight e) it will aid the natural healing process of the body

6) if you eat enough fruit f) you will need to relax

7) if your stress level is rising g) you will need to get up and walk around for a while

8) if you work sitting down h) it will shorten your life

Exercise 36. Speak on the following questions.

1. What does it mean “to lead a healthy life”?

2. Why is it necessary to lead a healthy life?

3. Is your lifestyle healthy or not?

4. Do you keep to any diet? What kinds of food do you prefer?

5. What’s your attitude towards fast food?

Exercise 37. Write informational inquiry.

Unit 5.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Ventilation

The major objectives of a firefighting force are to reach the scene of the fire as quickly as possible, rescue trapped victims, locate the fire, and apply suitable extinguishing agents with a minimum of fire, water, smoke, and heat damage. Ventilation during firefighting is definitely an aid to the fulfillment of these objectives. Ventilation, applied to firefighting, is the planned and systematic release and removal of heated air, smoke, and toxic gases from a confined area and the replacement of these products of combustion with a supply of cooler fresh air.

When proper ventilation is accomplished to aid fire control, there are certain advantages that may be obtained from its application. Proper ventilation simplifies and expedites the rescue of victims by removing smoke and gases which endanger occupants who are trapped or unconscious, and by making conditions safer for firefighters.

The removal of smoke, gases, and heat from a building permits firefighters to locate the fire more rapidly and proceed with its extinguishment. Proper ventilation of a building enables firefighters to determine the path of fire spread and to take proper steps for its control. It also reduces the obstacles which hinder firefighters while they perform fire extinguishment, salvage, rescue, and overhaul procedures, by enhancing visibility and removing the discomfort of excessive heat.

When sufficient heat is confined in an area, the temperatures of combustible materials rise to their ignition points. These materials will not ignite, however, unless sufficient oxygen is available to support combustion. In this situation, a very dangerous condition exists because the admittance of an air supply (which provides the necessary oxygen) is all that is needed to change the overheated area into the inferno. This sudden ignition is often referred to as a back draft. In order to avoid or prevent this critical situation from occurring, top ventilation must be provided to release superheated fire gases and smoke.

Firefighters must be aware of this explosion potential and must proceed cautiously in areas where excessive amounts of heat have accumulated. During rescue operations, doors should be opened slightly and carefully so they may be closed quickly, if necessary, to shut off the air supply to extremely hot areas. Situations which create a back draft are confinement and intense buildup of heated gases in an atmosphere being depleted of oxygen. Ventilation is a procedure whereby these gases can be released with a minimum of additional damage to the structure.

Heat, smoke, and fire gases will travel upward to the highest point in an area due to convection until they are trapped by a roof or a ceiling. As they are trapped and begin to accumulate they bank down and spread laterally to involve other areas of the structure. Proper ventilation of a building during a fire reduces the possibility of mushrooming. When an opening is made in the upper portion of a building during ventilation, a chimney effect is created which draws air currents from throughout the building in the direction of the opening.

Exercise 2. Read the definitions of the words. Translate and memorize them.

• to accomplish – to succeed in doing something, finish successfully, achieve;

• to admit – 1) to agree to the truth; 2) to permit to enter, let in; 3) to leave a chance for being possible, allow;

• to aid – to give support to, help;

• air - 1) the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and which we breathe with; 2) the sky or the space above the ground; 3) the general character or appearance of, or feeling caused by, a person or place; 4) that part of piece of music that is easily recognized and remembered, the tune;

to air – 1) to become dry; 2) to become fresh by letting in air, to ventilate; 3) to make known to others, often in an unwelcome way; 4) to broadcast on the radio and television;

to be on/off air – broadcasting/not broadcasting;

in the air – 1) being passed on from one person to another; 2) not fully planned or settled, uncertain;

clear the air – to remove doubt and bad feeling by honest explanation;

• to apply – 1) to request something, especially officially and in writing; 2) to put or spread on the surface; 3) to bring or put into use or operation;

- to avoid – to keep away or refrain from; prevent from doing or happening;

• to be aware – to have knowledge or understanding;

• back draft (draught, Am.E.) – a phenomenon in which a fire that has consumed all available oxygen suddenly explodes when more oxygen is made available;

• caution – care taken to avoid danger or mistakes; warning;

• chimney – a hollow passage often rising above the roof of a building which allows smoke and gases to pass from a fire;

• to confine – 1) to keep within limits, restrict; 2) to shut or keep in a small or enclosed space;

• conscious – 1) having all one’s senses working and able to understand what is happening; 2) knowing, understanding or recognizing something, aware;

• to create – to cause something new to exist, produce;

• definite – clearly known, seen, stated; without any uncertainty;

• to enable – 1) to make able, give the power, means, right to do something; 2) to make possible;

• to endanger – to cause danger to;

• to enhance – to increase in strength or amount;

• to expedite – to make a plan or arrangement go faster;

• to explode – 1) to blow up or burst; 2) to show sudden violent and noisy feeling;

• force – 1) natural or physical power; active strength; 2) fierce or uncontrolled use of strength, violence; 3) a group of people brought or trained together for some kind of action, especially military;

to force – 1) to make somebody do something; 2) to use physical power; 3) to produce with difficulty or by unwilling effort;

• to fulfill – 1) to obey, carry out an order, conditions; 2) to do or perform; 3) to supply or satisfy a need, demand, purpose;

• to hinder – to stop or delay the advance or development; prevent; obstruct;

• inferno – a place of very great heat and large uncontrollable flames;

• lateral – a side part of something;

• to mushroom – 1) to increase or develop rapidly; 2) to form a shape resembling that of a mushroom;

• objective – 1) an aim, especially one that must be worked towards over a long period; 2) existing outside the mind, real; not influenced by personal feelings or opinions;

• obstacle – something that prevents action, movement or success;

• overhaul – a thorough examination and repair if necessary;

• to proceed – 1) to begin or continue in a course of action; 2) to advance, move in particular direction;

• proper – right, suitable, correct;

• to reach – 1) to arrive at, to get to; 2) to stretch out a hand or arm for some purpose; 3) to contact, get in touch with;

• salvage – the act or process of saving something from destruction;

• to simplify – to make plainer, easier, less full of detail;

• to suit – 1) to satisfy or please; 2) to match or look good on someone; to have the right qualities or be of the right kind for.

Exercise 3. Translate the following words and word combinations without a dictionary.

Ventilation, agent, to plan, systematic, toxic gases, occupant, product, to control, discomfort, temperature, material, oxygen, critical situation, top, potential, to accumulate, extremely, intense, atmosphere, procedure, minimum, structure, portion, effect.

Exercise 4. Spell the words. Write them in alphabetical order.

Expedite, endanger, excessive, exist, extinguish, enable, enhance, explosion, extremely, exceed, explode, existence, extinguisher, effect.

Exercise 5. 1) Translate the following words. Name parts of the speech.

Forcible, reachless, impossibility, definition, unsuitable, damaged, confinement, replacing, cooling, accomplishment, advantageous, obtainable, simplification, expeditious, removed, endanger, consciousness, safety, permission, built, proceeding, determination, reduction, performance, salvage, visibility, uncomfortable, excessive, sufficiency, changeable, reference, released, explosive, caution, accumulative, careless, creative, addition, effectively.