2. Write the annotation to the text.

3. Describe how firefighters protect themselves during rescue operations.

4. Describe what influence heated air, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide have on human body.

Exercise 14. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words “there”, “for”.

a) 1. They’ve bought some new chairs for the office. 2. This knife is for cutting bread. 3. He was rewarded for his bravery. 4. He translated the texts for me. 5. I will be in Germany for a week or two. 6. France is famous for its wines. 7. We are waiting for a bus. 8. I paid 10$ for the book. 9. Red is for danger. 10. He spoke too quietly for her to hear.

b) 1. It’s cold out there. 2. I like living there. 3. There I disagree with you. 4. There’s a fly in my soup. 5. Is there anything you want to tell me? 6. There aren’t any cakes left. 7. I don’t want there to be any doubt about this. 8. Everything was silent and then there came a strange knocking at the door. 9. There appeared to be an accident. 10. Is there anyone outside?

Exercise 15. Insert “some” or “any”.

1. Were there … victims? 2. If you remove … of the three elements that create a fire, it cannot exist. 3. There are … methods of fire suppression. 4. Are there … soluble flammable liquids? 5. … plastics and metals cannot be extinguished by smothering. 6. We don’t have … wooden ladders. 7. … ladders are manufactured as composites of wood and aluminum. 8. What are … common mechanical injuries of fire hoses? 9. There is not … water left in the hose. 10. Do you see … people inside?

Exercise 16. Insert: somewhere, somehow, somebody, something, anytime, anybody, anything, anywhere.

1. They are … here. 2. Is there … in? 3. I think, … has happened there. 4. You can call control room … . 5. She didn’t ask … to help her. 6. We don’t know … about the accident. 7. Don’t worry, we’ll get the money back … . 8. There’s … on the phone for you. 9. I’ve got … for you. 10. Did you go … yesterday?

Exercise 17. React to the following sentences as in the model.

Model: He studies at the Academy. (I). – So do I.

He didn’t graduate from the Academy. (She). – Neither did she.

1. He couldn’t extinguish grease in a frying pan. (I). 2. They didn’t discover special extinguishing agent that effectively controlled fires in all combustible metals. (We). 3. They will use different types of ladders. (We). 4. He is watching for defects in the ladder. (I). 5. We should remove dirt and dust. (You). 6. He washes fire hoses with clear water. (She). 7. He has not rinsed and dried the hoses yet. (They). 8. We are at the regional administration. (She). 9. He doesn’t wear protective clothing. (I). 10. They don’t work in pairs. (We). 11. I shall not ventilate the room. (He). 12. The firefighters search every room. (We). 13. He wore boots with steel insoles. (Everybody). 14. He has already rescued victims from the burning building. (I). 15. We are not opening the windows. (She). 16. She is not a scientist. (They).

Exercise 18. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to modal verbs and their equivalents.

1. We must subject the material to special treatment. 2. Many different factors may affect the process. 3. The students could use all the laboratory equipment. 4. These organs may accumulate energy. 5. They didn’t have to analyze these data. 6. Before installing the new equipment the engineers were to test its performance. 7. The designers can always improve the operation of these devices. 8. The students didn’t have to conduct experiments in this field of science. 9. After finishing the experiments the scientists will have to discuss the results. 10. For improving the system operation the designer should use low weight equipment. 11. The students were allowed to examine numerous devices installed in the laboratory. 12. The students will be allowed to conduct this experiment in the laboratory. 13. This radiation dose may damage the cells. 14. We must control the process. 15. The material must be treated with alcohol. 16. To improve the operation of that system some tubes are to be replaced. 17. The temperature must be regulated. 18. The mass may often be defined as the quality of matter remaining constant everywhere.

Exercise 19. Make the sentences interrogative and negative.

1. Firefighters must wear protective clothing. 2. You can protect eyes and face with special shields. 3. Firefighters should use protective breathing equipment. 4. Failure to use protective breathing equipment may incapacitate the rescuer. 5. They had to work in pairs. 6. They could completely search all the rooms. 7. Rescuers were able to ventilate the building. 8. You will be allowed to enter the building soon. 9. He has to tie rope guide line to his body. 10. You are to start your search on an outside wall.

Exercise 20. Put the questions to the italicized work.

1. I will be able to do this job tomorrow. 2. She cannot speak German. 3. You may invite your friends to our house. 4. We are allowed to use dictionaries. 5. He must be at home now. 6. I have to go to the policlinic. 7. You should do it quickly. 8. He had to stay at home because he caught cold. 9. The train was to leave at a quarter to six. 10. The lecture is to begin at eight.

Exercise 21. Paraphrase the sentences using modal verbs or their equivalents.

1. He is supposed to come at 3 p.m. 2. Perhaps he is at home. 3. Evidently she is in the city. 4. I am sure you feel hungry. 5. I don’t believe the work is too difficult for you. 6. It is impossible that the cat ate all the fish. 7. It is possible that they cancelled the meeting. 8. Why didn’t you tell me all about it? 9. It is not necessary to go there. 10. He was told to buy flowers.

Exercise 22. Translate the sentences.

1. Ти зможеш мені допомогти? 2. Я не можу перекласти це речення. 3. Він не міг взяти участь у цих змаганнях. 4. Можна мені вийти? 5. Ми, можливо, поїдемо до Бостона в неділю. 6. Тобі дозволили взяти цю книгу? 7. Я повинен написати дипломну роботу протягом 2 місяців. 8. Вона повинна бути вдома зараз. 9. Мені доведеться завтра рано встати. 10. Йому доводиться ходити пішки, його машина зламалася. 11. Ми маємо зустрітися о сьомій. 12. Заняття мало початися 2 години тому. 13. Вам варто було б більше працювати. 14. Не слід говорити з нею про це. 15. Йому дозволяють користуватися магнітофоном. 16. Коли мені дозволять піти додому? 17. Вам не треба було телефонувати мені.

Exercise 23. Translate the sentences.

1. You couldn’t have seen him yesterday. 2. You shouldn’t have done it. 3. He should have waited for us. 4. She must have gone. 5. He could have spoken to her about that. 6. You needn’t have come. 7. He must have been unable to give them our message. 8. He couldn’t have forgotten to book the room at the hotel for us. 9. She couldn’t have been so foolish. 10. You might have told me you would be late. 11. She must have misunderstood me. 12. You needn’t have gone for the keys, the door was opened.

Exercise 24. Correct the mistakes.

1. What does steel insoles protect the feet from? 2. You may not to enter a burning building without protective breathing equipment. 3. The building is charge with smoke. 4. A rescuer have to wear firefighting clothing. 5. Excessive heat could caused decreased blood pressure. 6. Visibility is poor, that’s why firemen is searching on hands and knees. 7. They have completely searched the building two hours ago. 8. Hydrogen sulfide exposure for a short period will be act as an irritant and asphyxiant. 9. Ventilation not caused the spread of fire. 10. The rescue operation was swift and safe, isn’t it?