Except six main cases, there are two more cases:

Vocative case and the quantitative-separating case:

7. The vocative: expresses the address to someone or to something. Overwhelming number of the words declined on cases have in writing no distinctions in the Nominative case and in a Vocative case.

However, there are some words, which form (remained from old Slavic language) in a Vocative case differs from a form in the Nominative. For example:

Боже (my God!), Господи (my Lord!), друже (my friend!), Отче (My Father!), деда (grand-dady!), доча (my sweet daughter!), пап (dad!), мам (mom!), дядь (the reduced form of the address “adult!”), тёть (the reduced form of the address “adult woman!”), княже (My prince!).

Its forms are used at the address to the personality. Compare:

Nominative: Бог [bog] – God Vocative: Боже! [b`oжe] - my God!

Nominative: Господь [gosp`odь] - Lord Vocative: Господи! [g`ospodi] - my Lord!

Nominative: друг [drug] - friend Vocative: друже [dr`uжe] - my friend!

Nominative: Отец [ot`eц] - Father Vocative: Отче! [`otče] - my Father!

Nominative: дед [ded], дедушка [d`edu∫ka] - Grandfather Vocative: деда [d`eda] - grand-dady!

Nominative: баба [b`aba], бабушка [b`abu∫ka] - Grandmother Vocative: баб [bab] - grand-mom

Nominative: дочь [dočь] - daughter Vocative: доча [d`oča] - my (sweet) daughter!

Nominative: папа [p`apa] - father Vocative: пап [pap] - my dad!

Nominative: мама [m`ama] - mother) Vocative: мам [mam] - my mom!

Nominative: дядя [d`яdя] - uncle / adult man) Vocative: дядь [dяdь] - uncle! / adult man!

Nominative: тётя [t`ёtя] - aunt / adult woman) Vocative: тёть[tёtь] - aunt! / adult woman!

Nominative: князь [knяzь] - prince) Vocative: княже! [kn`яжe] - my prince!

Besides, the majority of man's and female names in a short form can have a form of a vocative case. Usual (initial) form of this names being in the Nominative case, too it is possible to use in a vocative case.

It is necessary to remember that short forms of names (at the address to the person (in Vocative)) should be mentioned only in relation to very close acquaintances and friends (such forms of names are used at relations of familiarity between people):

(genus: Nominative [transcription] → Vocative [transcription]):

masculine: Андрей [andr`eй] → Андрюх [andr`юh],

masculine: Паша [p`a∫a] → Пашь [p`a∫ь],

masculine: Юра [`юra] → Юр [`юr],

masculine: Серёжа [ser`ёжa] → Серёг [ser`ёg],

masculine: Витя [v`itя] → Вить [v`itь],

masculine: Дима [d`ima] → Дим [d`im],

masculine & feminine: Женя [ж`enя] → Жень [ж`enь],

feminine: Оля [`olя] → Оль [`olь],

feminine: Катя [k`atя] → Кать [k`atь]; Катя [k`atя] → Катюх [kat`юh],

feminine: Юля [`юlя] → Юль [`юlь],

feminine: Света [sv`eta] → Свет [svet],

feminine: Аня [`anя] → Ань [`anь],

feminine: Маша [m`a∫a] → Машь [ma∫ь]

...etc.

8 . Quantitative and separating case (the second genitive).

   In this case previously there is a noun meaning whole in relation to some part, which also being mentioned. This case can be heard in two equivalent forms of some phrases. Not to confuse to forms of a dative case.

For example:

Genitive: головка чеснока [gol`ovka] [česnok`a] (garlic head);

And also (second genitive): головка чесноку [gol`ovka] [česnok`u] (garlic head).

Especially well this case is noticeable in relation to uncountable nouns:

Стакан сахару (sugar glass), мешок песку (bag sand), etc.

In a context it is possible to track distinction between this case and a usual genitive case:

Gen.case: нет сахара [net] [s`ahara] (there is no sugar) ↔ Quan. & separ.case: ложка сахару [l`oжka] [s`aharu] spoon of sugar

 

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5

Tenses / Времена

In the system of declension Russian language is used 3 tenses: Past, Present and Future. At tenses tend: verbs, participles and gerunds.