For the correct pronunciation of the Russian words use transcriptions of the Russian sounds, data earlier.

Для правильного произношения русских слов используйте транскрипции русских звуков, данные ранее.

…….

Lesson 5 / Урок 5

The forms of a word. The variability of the form of a word. / Формы слова. Изменяемость формы слова.

In Russian there are 13 parts of speech. Nine of them are modifiable forms, which are expressed through a variety of inflections and attachments, as well as by the addition to the semantic way of various auxiliary words.

    Most of modifiable part of speech is Noun, and the least variable is Adverb.

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1

Genus / Род

Genus - grammatical category, peculiar to different parts of speech and self-composed in the distribution of words and forms in classes, traditionally correlated with signs of genus or no genus.

On genders in the Russian language leaning: nouns, adjectives, verbs, participles, some cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers, pronouns and proper names.

In the Russian language has 3 main genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Also, in the grammar of the Russian language release indefinite gender, the concept of which is used in relation to some specific nouns or in cases where, based on the form of parts of speech in the offer, or the kind of entity object can not be determined if the sentence is not an indication of the very essence of or an object.

About nouns:

    All nouns are masculine, feminine, neuter and unspecified gender.

Examples of nouns:

- masculine: папа (father), дядя (uncle); рай (paradise), друг (friend), день (day), тюль (tulle), кофе (coffee);

- feminine: сестра (sister), доля (share); ложь (lie);

- neuter: окно (window), сердце (heart), знамя (banner), путь (path), дитя (child), пенсне (pince-nez),

бра (sconce), жабо (jabot).

In the Russian language there are some words of uncertain gender:

вояка (warrior), забияка (bully), скряга (сurmudgeon), разиня (cuckoo), зевака (idler), растрёпа (trollop), замарашка (ugly duckling), нечёса (neches), сирота (an orphan), непоседа (fidget), громила (destroyed), водила (the carrier), ножницы (scissors), весы (the balance), часы (watches), щипцы (tongs), брюки (pants), штаны (pants), заморозки (frozen), носилки (stretchers), каникулы (holidays), сани (the sleigh), чернила (ink), похороны (funeral), нюни (nurses), белила (the white), дрожки (easy to open four-leaf spring crew of 1-2 people), лясы (turned shaped columns at the porch railing), etc.

They are not usually attributed to some gender, but on cases they incline as nouns declension 1-st in singular and plural, and as nouns declension 2-nd plural.

Most of these are in the form of nouns singular and plural.

About adjectives:

Adjectives follow the same sort of category as nouns. On maternity leave change the long and short adjectives, simple and complex.

- masculine:

красный (red), красив_ (beautiful), папин_ (dad's), осеннее-летний (autumn-summer);

- feminine:

красная (red), красива (beautiful), папина (dad's), осеннее-летняя (autumn-summer);

- neuter:

красное (red), красиво (beautiful), папино (dad's), осеннее-летнее (autumn-summer).

In the adjective in the comparative degree, gender can not be expressed:

(masculine): normal view: warm (тёплый)  comparative degree: warmer (теплее),

(feminine): normal view: warm (тёплая)  comparative degree: warmer (теплее),

(neuter): normal view: warm (тёплое)  comparative degree: warmer (теплее).

   Adjectives plural kind of do not.

About verbs:

Genus is only expressed in verbs perfect and imperfect form of the past tense. For example:

- Past tense, an imperfect form:

(masculine): снег падал (snow falling (yesterday)) = (雪が降っていました),

(feminine): кошка мяукала (cat meowing (yesterday)) = (猫の鳴き声),

(neuter): зеркало висело (mirror hanging (yesterday)) = (ミラーがハングしていました).

- Past tense, an perfect form:

снег выпал (snow fell) = (雪が落ちた),

кошка помяукала (cat meowed) = (猫はニャーニャー停止しました),

зеркало повисло (mirror hung) = (ミラーがハングしていました).

But the verb present or future tense race to determine not possible (in the absence of guidance on the subject or object of action):

- Present tense:

снег падает_ (snow falls (now)) = (雪が降っている),

кошка мяукает_ (cat meows (now)) = (猫の鳴き声),

зеркало висит_ (mirror hangs (now)) = (ぶら下がってミラー化します).

- Future tense, an imperfect form:

снег будет падать_ (snow will fall) = (雪が落ちるでしょう),

кошка будет мяукать_ (cat will meow) = (猫がニャーます),

зеркало будет висеть_ (mirror will hang) = (ミラーがハングします).

- Future tense, an perfect form:

снег упадёт_ ((once the) snow hits) = (雪が降る),

кошка мяукнет_ ((once the) cat meows) = (? ^_^`` :-/ ),

зеркало повиснет_ ((once the) mirror hangs) = (ミラーがハングアップします).

In the following examples are underlined sounds in sound and spelling which to judge the severity of a particular kind. Empty emphasis is null terminator, indicating generally the inability to determine the genus or (in some cases) to the masculine gender.

Note 1: Verbs, plurals, no matter by what time or mean they are, sort of not.

Note 2: The same rule applies to the passive voice verbs.

About participles:

Genus is expressed in participle an the present tense, in participle an the past tense (in the perfect and imperfect form), and in participles an the future tense perfect form. For example:

- Past tense, an imperfect form:

(masculine): делавший (he making (yesterday)),

(feminine): делавшая (she making (yesterday)),

(neuter): делавшее (it making (yesterday)).

- Past tense, an perfect form:

сделавший (he, who finally did (the deed)),

сделавшая (she, who finally did (the deed)),

сделавшее (it, what finally did (the deed)).

- Present tense:

делающий (he, who making (now)),

делающая (she, who making (now)),

делающее (it, what making (now)).

- Future tense, an perfect form:

сделающий (he, who do (the deed tomorrow)),

сделающая (she, who do (the deed tomorrow)),

сделающее (it, what do (the deed tomorrow)).

But participles of the future tense an imperfect form - does not happen. They replace the phrase consisting of a present participle, which expresses the willingness, the intention and desire to make permanent or long-term effect, and from the sense verb in the infinitive form, which expresses the main action:

(masculine): желающий делать ((he, who) wanting to do),

(feminine): планирующая делать ((she, who) wanting to do),

(neuter): желающее делать ((it, what) wanting to do).

Note 1: The same rule applies to participles passive voice.

Note 2: Participles plural does not have a genus no matter by what time or mean they are.

About ordinal numbers:

Ordinal numbers, in the present value of which only one (large) category, lean on genders leave as follows:

0, 1 - 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 ... 1000, 2000, 3000, ... 20000, 30000, 40000, etc.

Examples:

1-ый (-ая, -ое)

(masculine): первый (first)

(feminine): первая (first)

(neuter): первое (first)

30-ый (-ая, -ое)

(masculine): тридцатый (thirtieth)

(feminine): тридцатая (thirtieth)

(neuter): тридцатое (thirtieth)

100-ый (-ая, -ое)

(masculine): сотый (hundredth)

(feminine): сотая (hundredth)

(neuter): сотое (hundredth)

2000-ый (-ая, -ое)

(masculine): двухтысячный (bimillenary)

(feminine): двухтысячная (bimillenary)

(neuter): двухтысячное (bimillenary)

50000-ый (-ая, -ое)

(masculine): пятидесятитысячный (fifty thousandth)

(feminine): пятидесятитысячная (fifty thousandth)

(neuter): пятидесятитысячное (fifty thousandth)

……………

Ordinal numbers, which are present in the values ​​of two or more digits, leaning on genders leave as follows:

21 ... 29, 31 ... 39, 41…49, 51 ... 59, 91 ... 99, etc.

(masculine): двадцать первый (twenty-first)

(feminine): двадцать первая (twenty-first)

(neuter): двадцать первое (twenty-first)

101 ... 138 ...199, 201 ... 299, etc.

(masculine): сто тридцать восьмой (one hundred thirty-eighth)

(feminine): сто тридцать восьмая (one hundred thirty-eighth)

(neuter): сто тридцать восьмое (one hundred thirty-eighth)

As you can see from the examples, varies by gender a simply numeral (первый - first, пятый – fifth, ..

десятый – tenth, .. двенадцатый - twelfth, семнадцатый - seventeenth, .. двадцатый - twentieth,

тридцатый - thirtieth, сороковой - fortieth, пятидесятый - fiftieth, шестидесятый - sixtieth,

семидесятый - seventieth, восьмидесятый - eightieth, девяностый - ninetieth, сотый - one hundredth, двухсотый - two hundredth, .. тысячный - thousandth, двухтысячный - two thousandth ...), or the last part (the last word) in compound numerals (сорок седьмой - forty-seventh, двести семьдесят второй - two hundred and seventy-second, девяносто третий - ninety-third).

So, on genders leave can be changed:

- ordinal numbers from 0 to 20. For example:

0 – нулевая (zero), 8 – восьмой (eighth), 14 – четырнадцатое (fourteenth), 20 – двадцатая (twentieth).

- simple ordinal numbers, which are the parts of the compound numerals (25, .. 348 .. 7911, etc.). For example:

25 – двадцать пятая (twenty-fifth),.. 348 – триста сорок восьмое (three hundred and forty eighth),..

7.911 – семь тысяч девятьсот одиннадцатый (seven thousand nine hundred eleventh) и т.д

- Component ordinals in which the left side is only one number from 0 to 9, and the right is only one zero (10, 20, 30, 40, 200, 500, 23.000, etc.) or a lot of zeros (200, 3000, 600000...). For example:

100 – сотый (hundredth), 3000 – трёхтысячная (three thousandth), 60000 – шестидесятитысячное (sixty thousandth), 900000 – девятисоттысячный (nine hundred thousandth), etc.

Almost no ordinal numbers do not changed on genders. There are only two ordinal numbers that can be of the male, female and neuter:

1

(masculine): один_ (one)

(feminine): одна (one)

(neuter): одно (one);

2

(masculine): два (two)

(feminine): две (two)

About pronouns:

   By gender pronouns are inclined of all types that are in the singular, except the reflexive pronoun "self" and quantitative pronoun "so much". For example:

моя ((she is) my), чей_ ((he) whose), какое ((it) what kind), самая ((she) most), свой ((he) personal), никакой ((he is) any), какое-то ((it is) some), etc.

About proper names:

According to lean all sorts of proper names.

Examples of masculine, feminine and neuter have proper names:

(masculine):

Юрий (Yuri), Андрей Михайлович Керенский (Andrei Mikchailovich Kerenski),

Владивосток (Vladivostok (city)), Меркурий (Mercury (planet)), Тихий Океан (Pacific Ocean), etc.

(feminine):

Светлана (Svetlana), Мария Сергеевна Луганская (Maria Sergeevna Luganskaia), Мексика (Mexico),

Венера (Venus (planet)), река (river), etc.

(neuter):

Мраморное озеро (Marmara lake), Средиземное море (Mediterranean), Жёлтое море (Yellow Sea), etc.

On genders also to distinguish between: animal names, aliases and nicknames. For example:

(masculine): пёс Лентяй ((he) dog Bummer), попугай Нытик ((he) parrot Whiner);

(feminine): кошка Миска ((she) cat Bowl), хомяк Скряга ((he) hamster Curmudgeon).

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2

Number / Число

In the Russian language there is a separation of values ​​to form singular and plural. By the numbers change following parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, participles, verbs, ordinal numbers (один, одна, одно – one), cardinal numbers, pronouns and proper names.

Table №6. Parts of speech in the singular and the plural case.

Part of speech / Часть речи		Singular / Единственное число	Plural / Множественное число
Noun Имя существительное		рука (hand) купальня (bath) бродяга (tramp) снег (snow) иней (frost) гусь (goose) племя (tribe) трюмо (pier-glass) степь (steppe)	руки (hands) купальни (baths) бродяги (tramps) снега (snow) иней (frost) гуси (gooses) племена (tribes) трюмо (pier-glasses) степи (steppes)
The following are examples of parts of speech, gender (in the plural form) which is not defined.
Adjective Имя прилагательное		жёлтый ((he) yellow) белая ((she) white) красное ((it) red) кисло-сладкая ((she) sweet and sour)	жёлтые ((they) yellow) белые ((they) white) красные ((they) red) кисло-сладкие ((they) sweet and sour)
Participle Причастие		летящая ((she) flying) пристающий ((he) pestering) висящее ((it) hanging)	летящие ((they) flying) пристающие ((they) pestering) висящие ((they) hanging)
Verb Глагол	past tense, perfect: past tense, imperfect: present tense: future tense, imperfect: future tense, perfect:	сходил_ , сходила, сходило ((he, she, it) already went) шёл_, шла, шло ((he, she, it) walked) идёт ((he, she, it) goes / going) пойдёт ((he, she, it) will go (by the road)) сходит ((he is, she is, it is) goes (tomorrow))		сходили ((they) already went) шли ((they) walked) идут ((they) go / are going) пойдут ((they) will go (by the road)) сходят ((they are) going (tomorrow))
Ordinal number Количественное числительное		один_ ((he) one) одна ((she) one) одно ((it) one)	одни (some (elephants)) одни (some (walls)) одни (some (mirrors))
Cardinal number Порядковое числительное		восьмой ((he) eighth) десятая ((she) tenth) тридцать третье ((it) thirty-third)	восьмые ((they) eighth) десятые ((they) eighth) тридцать третьи ((they) eighth)
Pronoun Местоимение		мой ((he) my) твоя ((she) your) ваше ((it) your)	мои ((they) my) твои ((they) your) ваши ((they) your)
Род имени собственного понятен исходя из значения имени (имена всегда делятся на те, что только для мужчин и только для женщин) Genus of proper name is clear from the value of the name (names are always divided into those that only for men, and only for women)
Proper name Имя собственное		Витя (he) Катя (she) кошка Мурка (she) рыба Щука (she) конь_ Цезарь_ (he)	Вити (he) Кати (she) кошки Мурки (she) рыбы Щуки (she) кони Цезари (he)

In the Russian language there are words of foreign origin, which do not change either the numbers or on cases. Most of these words are borrowed from French, Italian, Japanese, English or other languages​​:

неглиже (negligee) (French.), кофе (coffee) (Engl.), самбреро (sambrero) (Ital.), капучино (cappuccino) (Ital.), кафе (café) (French.), бра (bras) (French.), трюмо (stands) (French.), пенсне (pince-nez) (French.),

биде (bidet) (French.), оригами (origami) (Jap.), суши (sushi) (Jap.), цунами (tsunamis) (Jap.),

дежавю (deja vu) (French.), жамэвю (zhame vu) (French.), колье (necklaces) (French.),

“Оливье” (“Olivier”) ((the name of the salad)) (French.), конферансье (entertainers) (French.), атташе (attaché) (French.) and many others.

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3

Person / Лицо

Person – is grammatical category that expresses the ratio of participants described the situation and the ratio of the participants of the speech act (the speaker party member and the listener party member).

The value of the first person - someone (or a group) acts as a participant and speaker at the same time.

--- я (I am), мы (We) ---

  The value of the second person - someone (or a group) to act as participants who listens to the speaker in the first person.

--- ты (you), вы (you) ---

The value of the third party - someone (or a group) acts as a remote, third-party participant, which speaking (first person) has in mind when referring to the listener (to the second person).

--- он (he), она (she), оно (it), они (they) ---

Category of persons is inherent primarily for personal pronouns and for possessive pronouns.

…………………

Russian grammar involves the modification of parts of speech on the first, second and third person.

The persons are inclined personal and possessive pronouns, verbs (are the present and future tense an perfect form).

For example:

- Personal pronouns: я (I`m), мы (we), ты (you), вы (you), он (he), она (she), оно (it), они (they), and their case forms;

- Possessive pronouns: мой (my), наш (our), твой (your), ваш (your), его (his) (about masculine), её (her) (about feminine), его (it) (for neuter), их (their), as well as the shape of these values ​​for the female and neuter singular and plural form.

- Verb (in present tense):

(я) делаю = (I) make, (мы) делаем = (we) do,

(ты) делаешь = (you) do, (вы) делаете = (you) do,

(он, она, оно) делает = (he, she, it) does, (они) делают = (they) do.

- Verb (in future tense, an perfect form):

(я) сделаю = (I) make, (мы) сделаем = (we) do,

(ты) сделаешь = (you) do, (вы) сделаете = (you) do,

(он, она, оно) сделает = (he, she, it) will do, (они) сделают = (they) will do.

Note that, as modified closure personal verb, depending on which face is a verb.

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4

Case / Падеж

Case - the category of the word, showing its syntactic role in the sentence, and connects a single word of the sentence.

    In the modern Russian language there are 6 plagues:

1. Nominative calls person, object, event or condition as such (in their permanent state): dog, planet, coat, friendship, harmony, joy, etc.

Nominative questions: кто? (who?), что? (what?)

Examples of the various parts of speech in the nominative case:

Noun:

I declension: вода [vod`a] water 水, тётя [t`ёtя] aunt 叔母, папа [p`apa] father お父さん, дядя [d`яdя] uncle 叔父

II declension: стол [stol] table 机, окно [okn`o] window 窓, море [m`ore] sea 海, кофе [k`ofe] coffee コーヒー

III declension: радость [r`adostь] joy 喜び, племя [pl`emя] tribe 部族, пенсне [pensn`e] pince-nez 眼鏡,

путь [putь] path 道, дитя [dit`я] child 子ども

Adjective:

(animate / inanimate, masculine): красивый [kras`ivый] (beautiful) 美しい

(animate / inanimate, feminine): красивая [kras`ivая] (beautiful) 美しい

(animate / inanimate, neuter): красивое [kras`ivое] (beautiful) 美しい

(animate / inanimate, plural): красивые [kras`ivые] (beautiful) 興味深い (for masculine, feminine, neuter genders)

Personal pronoun:

я [я] 私

мы [mы] 我々

………..

ты [tы] あなた

вы [vы] あなた

………..

он [on] 彼

она [on`a] 彼女

оно [on`o] it (neuter)

они [on`i] それら

Ordinal numeral:

пятый [p`яtый] (第五の) - 私 , あなた , 彼

пятая [p`яtая] (第五の) - 私 , あなた , 彼女

пятое [p`яtое] (第五の) - 私 , あなた , it - (use of first-person and second-person pronoun in relation to neuter

possible with dialogue and the relationships inanimate objects between them (in fairy tales, novels, etc.))

пятые [p`яtые] (第五の) - それら(for masculine, feminine, neuter genders)

Participle:

masculine: живущий [жiv`u∫^ьiй] living

feminine: живущая [жiv`u∫^ьая] living

neuter: живущее [жiv`u∫^ьее] living

plural: живущие [жiv`u∫^ьiе] living

Proper names are too lean on cases. But the examples of their decline will be considered directly in team "Proper names".

2. Genitive expresses:

- value of accessories:

   машина отца (father’s machine), шапка сестры (sister’s cap), книги друга (friend’s books).

- the value of an object with a direct reference to it:

   for verbs with negation: Я не читал этой книги. (I have not read this book.);

   with verbs without negation: ждать поезда (waiting for the train), желать счастья (felicitate);

   with verbal nouns with the value of action: чтение книги (reading books);

- subject, object or phenomenon with nouns that express action or state:

  выпадение снега (snowfall), разговор друзей (conversation of friends);

- the value of the subject, object or event at the words that express the amount:

  много шоколада (a lot of chocolate), десять дней (ten days), килограмм яблок (kilo of apples).

- attributive value when the noun in the genitive case is someone's quality or property. In such cases the noun is often used together with him dependent the adjective which is also in genitive:

   мужчина среднего роста (man of medium height),

товар первого сорта (first-class product),

страна восходящего солнца (the country of the rising sun).

- the value of time: это было одиннадцатого июля (it was the eleventh of July).

Questions of genitive: кого? (of who?), чего? (of what?),

Alternative questions to determine the correct case endings: от кого? (from whom?), от чего? (from what?),

для кого? (for whom?), для чего? (for what?), чей?, чья?, чьё? (whose?).

Examples of the various parts of speech in the genitive case:

In these examples, the word "of" a subsidiary and is used to determine the shape of the word.

Noun:

I. воды [vod`ы] - (of) water, тёти [t`ёti] - (of) aunt, папы [p`apы] - (of) father, дяди [d`яdi] - (of) uncle

II. стола [sto`la] - (of) table, окна [okn`a] - (of) window, моря [m`orя] - (of) sea, кофе [k`ofe] - (of) coffee

III. радости [r`adosti] - (of) joy, племени [pl`emeni] - (of) tribe, пенсне [pensn`e] - (of) pince-nez,

пути [put`i] - (of) path, дитя [dit`я] - (of) child

Adjective:

(animate, masculine): красивого человека [kras`ivogo][čelov`eka] - (of) beautiful man

(inanimate, masculine): красивого дома [kras`ivogo][d`oma] - (of) beautiful house

………………

(animate, feminine): красивой кошки [kras`ivoй][k`o∫ki] - (of) beautiful cat

(inanimate, feminine): красивой улицы [kras`ivoй] [`uliцы] - (of) beautiful street

………………

(inanimate, neuter): красивого украшения [kras`ivogo] [ukra∫`eniя] - (of) beautiful decoration

………………

(animate / inanimate, plural): красивых [kras`ivыh] - (of) beautiful (for masculine, feminine and neuter genders)

Personal pronoun:

меня [men`я] - (of) me

нас [nas] - (of) us

…………….

тебя [teb`я] - (of) you

вас [vas] - (of) you

…………….

его [eg`o], у него [u] [neg`o] - (of) him

её [е`ё], у неё [u] [nе`ё] - (of) her

его [eg`o], у него [u] [neg`o] - (of) it

их [ih], у них [u] [nih] - (of) them

Ordinal numeral:

(animate, masculine): пятого зрителя [p`яtogo] [zr`itelя] - (of) fifth viewer

(inanimate, masculine): пятого месяца [p`яtogo] [m`esяца] - (of) fifth month

………………

(animate, feminine): пятой персоны [p`яtoй] [pers`onы] - (of) fifth person

(inanimate, feminine): пятой сливы [p`яtoй] [sl`ivы] - (of) fifth plum

………………

(inanimate, neuter): пятого зеркала [p`яtogo] [z`erkala] - (of) fifth mirror

………………

(animate, masculine, plural): пятых клоунов [p`яtыh] [kl`ounov] - (of) fifths of clowns

(animate, feminine, plural): пятых персон [p`яtыh] [pers`on] - (of) fifth persons

(inanimate, neuter, plural): пятых зеркал [p`яtыh] [zerk`al] - (of) fifth mirrors

Participle:

masculine: живущего [жiv`u∫^ьego] - (of) living

feminine: живущей [жiv`u∫^ьей] - (of) living

neuter: живущего [жiv`u∫^ьеgo] - (of) living

plural: живущих [жiv`u∫^ьih] - (of) living

3. Dative expresses:

- value of "addressee"– the person for whom action is carried out:

  дать книгу товарищу (to give the book to the companion), послать письмо отцу (to send the letter to the father);

- value of the subject, object or the phenomenon to which is inherent to test on itself some condition:

  брату нравится путешествовать (brother likes to travel), мне скучно (it is boring for me).

 

  Sometimes in a dative case is the “local” case expressing a scene of action is allocated. For example:

в лесý (in forest), пó лесу (to the forest); в снегý (in snow); пó снегу (to the snow), в раю́ (in paradise).

 

Questions of a dative case: кому? (to whom?), чему? (to what?), по кому? (on whom?), по чему? (on what?),

к кому? (to whom?), к чему? (to what?).

Examples of the various parts of speech in the dative case:

In these examples, the word "to" a subsidiary and is used to determine the shape of the word.

Noun:

I. воде [vod`e] – (to) water, тёте [t`ёte] – (to) aunt, папе [p`ape] – (to) father, дяде [d`яde] – (to) uncle

II. столу [stol`u] – (to) table, окну [okn`u] – (to) window, морю [m`orю] – (to) sea, кофе [k`ofe] – (to) coffee

III. радости [r`adosti] – (to) joy, племени [pl`emeni] – (to) tribe, пенсне [nensn`e] – (to) pince-nez,

пути [put`i] – (to) path, дитя [dit`я] – (to) child

Adjective:

(animate, masculine): красивому человеку [kras`ivomu] [čelov`eku] – (to) beautiful man

(inanimate, masculine): красивому дому [kras`ivomu] [d`omu] – (to) beautiful house

………………

(animate, feminine): красивой кошке [kras`ivoй] [k`o∫ke] – (to) beautiful cat

(inanimate, feminine): красивой улице [kras`ivoй] [`uliцe] – (to) beautiful street

………………

(animate, neuter): красивому украшению [kras`ivomu] [ukra∫`eniю] – (to) beautiful decoration

………………

(animate , inanimate, plural): красивым [kras`ivыm] – (to) beautiful (for masculine, feminine and neuter genders)

Personal pronoun:

мне [mne] – (to) me

нам [nam] – (to) us

……………..

тебе [teb`e] – (to) you

вам [vam] – (to) you

……………..

ему [em`u], к нему [k] [nem`u] – (to) him

ей [eй], к ней [k] [neй] – (to) her

ему [em`u], к нему [k] [nem`u] – (to) it

им [im] – (to) them

Ordinal numeral:

(animate, masculine): пятому зрителю [p`яtomu] [zr`itelю] – (to) fifth viewer

(inanimate, masculine): пятому месяцу [p`яtomu] [m`esяцu] – (to) fifth month

………………

(animate, feminine): пятой персоне [p`яtoй] [pers`one] – (to) fifth person

(inanimate, feminine): пятой сливе [p`яtoй] [sl`ive] – (to) fifth plum

………………

(animate, neuter): пятому зеркалу [p`яtomu] [z`erkalu] – (to) fifth mirror

………………

-(animate, masculine, plural): пятым клоунам [p`яtыm] [kl`ounam] – (to) fifth clowns

(animate, feminine, plural): пятым персонам [p`яtыm] [pers`onam] – (to) fifth persons

(inanimate, neuter, plural): пятым зеркалам [p`яtыm] [zerkal`am] – (to) fifth mirrors

Participle:

masculine: живущему [жiv`u∫^ьemu] – (to) living

feminine: живущей [жiv`u∫^ьей] – (to) living

neuter: живущему [жiv`u∫^ьеmu] – (to) living

plural: живущим [жiv`u∫^ьim] – (to) living

4. Accusative expresses:

- value of object on which action is directed:

рисовать картину (to draw a picture), рубить дрова (to cut firewood),

знать английский язык (to know English);

- value of object which tests on itself any condition:

  больного лихорадит (the patient is in a fever),

его влекло на север (him attracted to the north),

деревья вырывало с корнем (trees uprooted);

- value of a measure and extent of manifestation of this or that action or condition:

  пробыл в городе неделю (stayed in the city week),

отдыхал каждую зиму в горах (had a rest every winter in mountains),

весить тонну (to weigh ton),

стоить иену (to cost yen).

 

Questions of an accusative case: кого? (whom?), что? (what?)

Alternative questions for definition of the correct case inflection: найти кого? (to find whom?), найти что? (to find what?), в кого? (in whom?), во что? (in what?), за кого? (for whom?), за что? (for what?).

Examples of the various parts of speech in the accusative case:

In these examples, the words "find", "to find" is subsidiary and used to determine the shape of the word.

Noun:

I. воду [vod`u] - (to find) water, тётю [t`ёtю] - (to find) aunt, папу [p`apu] - (to find) father,

дядю [d`яdю] - (to find) uncle

II. стол [stol] - (to find) table, окно [okn`o] - (to find) window, море [m`ore] - (to find) sea,

кофе [k`ofe] - (to find) coffee

III. радость [r`adostь] - (to find) joy, племя [pl`emя] - (to find) tribe, пенсне [nensn`e] - (to find) pince-nez,

путь [putь] - (to find) path, дитя [dit`я] - (to find) child

Adjective:

(animate, masculine): (найти) красивого человека [kras`ivogo] [čelov`eka] - (to find) beautiful man

(inanimate, masculine): (найти) красивый дом [kras`ivый] [dom] - (to find) beautiful house

………………

(animate, feminine): (найти) красивую кошку [kras`ivuю] [k`o∫ku] - (to find) beautiful cat

(inanimate, feminine): (найти) красивую улицу [kras`ivuю] [`uliцu] - (to find) beautiful street

………………

(animate, neuter): (найти) красивое украшение [kras`ivoe] [ukra∫`enie] - (to find) beautiful decoration

………………

(animate, masculine or feminine, plural): (найти) красивых [kras`ivыh] - (to find) beautiful

(inanimate , neuter, plural): (найти) красивые [kras`ivыe] - (to find) beautiful

Personal pronoun:

меня [men`я] - (to find) me

нас [nas] - (to find) us

……………..

тебя [teb`я] - (to find) you

вас [vas] - (to find) you

……………..

его [eg`o], за него [za] [neg`o] - (to find) him

её [e`ё], за неё [za] [ne`ё] - (to find) her

его [eg`o], за него [za] [neg`o] - (to find) it

их [ih], за них [za] [nih] - (to find) them

Ordinal numeral:

(animate, masculine): (найти) пятого зрителя [p`яtogo] [zr`itelя] - (to find) fifth viewer

(inanimate, masculine): (найти) пятый месяц [p`яtый] [m`esяц] - (to find) fifth month

………………

(animate, feminine): (найти) пятую персону [p`яtuю] [pers`onu] - (to find) fifth person

(inanimate, feminine): (найти) пятую сливу [p`яtuю] [sl`ivu] - (to find) fifth plum

………………

(animate, neuter): (найти) пятое зеркало [p`яtoe] [z`erkalo] - (to find) fifth mirror

………………

(animate, masculine): (найти) пятых клоунов [p`яtыh] [kl`ounov] - (to find) fifth clowns

(animate, feminine): (найти) пятых персон [p`яtыh] [pers`on] - (to find) fifth personas

(inanimate, neuter): (найти) пятые зеркала [p`яtыe] [zerkal`a] - (to find) fifth mirrors

Participle:

masculine: живущего [жiv`u∫^ьego] - (to find) living

feminine: живущую [жiv`u∫^ьuю] - (to find) living

neuter: живущего [жiv`u∫^ьеgo] - (to find) living

plural: живущих [жiv`u∫^ьih] - (to find) living

5. Instrumental expresses values:

- value action tools:

писать карандашом (to write a pencil), разрезать хлеб ножом (to knife bread),

управлять самолётом (to operate plane), наслаждаться музыкой (to enjoy music);

- value of the subject or the object being the purpose of action:

она будет врачом (she will be a doctor),

дом строился бригадой рабочих (house was under construction team of workers),

- values connected with circumstances:

- circumstances of place:

ехать полями (to go fields), идти лесом (to go the wood);

- circumstances of time:

это было поздней осенью (it was late fall), я знал его ребёнком (I knew it the child (i.e. when he was a child));

  - image of action:

ходить толпой (to go crowd), петь басом (to sing a bass);

  - circumstances of a measure and degree:

говорить о чём-либо целыми днями (to speak about something for days on end),

закупать картофель мешками (to buy potatoes bags);

  - circumstances of a specifying sign:

земля, богатая нефтью (earth rich with oil);

человек, сильный духом (person strong spirit).

Questions of an instrumental case: кем? (by whom?, to whom?), чем? (by what?, to wham?),

с кем? (with whom?), с чем? (with what?)

Alternative questions for definition of the correct case inflection: как? (how?)

Examples of the various parts of speech in the instrumental case:

In these examples, the words "by" is subsidiary and used to determine the shape of the word.

Noun:

I. водой [vod`oй] - (by) water, тётей [t`ёteй] - (by) aunt, папой [p`apой] - (by) father, дядей [d`яdей] - (by) uncle

II. столом [stol`om] - (by) table, окном [okn`om] - (by) window, морем [m`orem] - (by) sea,

кофе [k`ofe] - (by) coffee

III. радостью [r`adostью] (by) joy, племенем [pl`emenem] (by) tribe, пенсне [nensn`e] (by) pince-nez,

путём [put`ёm] (by) path, дитя [dit`я] (by) child

Adjective:

(animate, masculine): красивым человеком [kras`ivыm] [čelov`ekom] - (by) beautiful man

(inanimate, masculine): красивым домом [kras`ivыm] [d`omom] - (by) beautiful house

………………

(animate, feminine): красивой кошкой [kras`ivoй] [k`o∫koй] - (by) beautiful cat

(inanimate, feminine): красивой улицей [kras`ivoй] [`uliцeй] - (by) beautiful street

………………

(animate, neuter): красивым украшением [kras`ivыm] [ukra∫`eniem] - (by) beautiful decoration

………………

(animate, masculine or feminine, plural): красивыми [kras`ivыmi] - (by) beautiful

(inanimate, neuter, plural): красивыми [kras`ivыmi] - (by) beautiful

Personal pronoun:

мной [mn`oй], мною [mn`oю] - (by) me

нами [n`ami] - (by) us

……………..

тобой [tob`oй], тобою [tob`oю] - (by) you

вами [v`ami] - (by) you

……………..

им [im], за ним [za] [nim] - (by) him

ей [eй], за ней [za] [neй] - (by) her

им [im], за ним [za] [nim] - (by) it

ими [`imi], за ними [za] [n`imi] - (by) them

Ordinal numeral:

(animate, masculine): пятым зрителем [p`яtыm] [zr`itelem] - (by) fifth viewer

(inanimate, masculine): пятым месяцем [p`яtыm] [m`esяцem] - (by) fifth month

………………

(animate, feminine): пятой персоной [p`яtой] [pers`onoй] - (by) fifth person

(inanimate, feminine): пятой сливой [p`яtой] [sl`ivoй] - (by) fifth plum

………………

(animate, neuter): пятым зеркалом [p`яtыm] [z`erkalom] - (by) fifth mirror

………………

(animate, masculine): пятыми клоунами [p`яtыmi] [kl`ounami] - (by) fifth clowns

(animate, feminine): пятыми персонами [p`яtыmi] [pers`onami] - (by) fifth personas

(inanimate, neuter): пятыми зеркалами [p`яtыmi] [zerkal`ami] - (by) fifth mirrors

Participle:

masculine: живущим [жiv`u∫^ьim] - (by) living

feminine: живущей [жiv`u∫^ьей] - (by) living

neuter: живущим [жiv`u∫^ьim] - (by) living

plural: живущими [жiv`u∫^ьimi] - (by) living

6. Prepositional expresses:

- value of an explanation:

  рассказывать о прошлом (to tell about the past), думать о сыне (to think of the son);

- value of a place:

  жить в лесу (to live in the forest),

в лесу водятся зайцы (hares are found in the forest),

на даче (at a country house),

хоровой кружок при клубе (a choral circle at club),

ребёнок сидит на полу (the child sits on a floor),

она ждала лодку на берегу (she waited the boat ashore),

он погиб в бою (he was killed in battle),

мы ждём в аэропорту (we wait at the airport).

 

Questions of a prepositional case: о ком? (about whom?), о чём? (about what?)

Alternative questions for definition of the correct case inflection: в ком? (in whom?), в чём? (in what?),

на ком? (on whom?), на чём? (on what?)

Note:

Nouns: кофе (coffee) (コーヒー), бра (sconce) (壁取り付け用燭台), биде (bidet) (ビデ),

оригами (origami) (折り紙), суши (sushi) (寿司), цунами (tsunami) (津波), пенсне (pince-nez) (眼鏡),

дежавю (deja vu) (既視感), колье (necklace) (ネックレス), “Оливье” (“Oliver”) (オリビエ), etc. in Russian don't incline and therefore have no case inflections.

Examples of the various parts of speech in the instrumental case:

In these examples, the words "about" is subsidiary and used to determine the shape of the word.

Noun:

I. воде [vod`е] - (about) water, тёте [t`ёte] - (about) aunt, папе [p`apе] - (about) father, дяде [d`яdе] - (about) uncle

II. столе [stol`е] - (about) table, окне [okn`е] - (about) window, море [m`ore] - (about) sea,

кофе [k`ofe] - (about) coffee

III. радости [r`adosti] - (about) joy, племени [pl`emeni] - (about) tribe, пенсне [nensn`e] - (about) pince-nez,

пути [put`i] - (about) path, дитя [dit`я] - (about) child

Adjective:

(animate, masculine): (о) красивом человеке [kras`ivom] [čelov`eke] - (about) beautiful man

(inanimate, masculine): (о) красивом доме [kras`ivom] [d`ome] - (about) beautiful house

………………

(animate, feminine): (о) красивой кошке [kras`ivoй] [k`o∫ke] - (about) beautiful cat

(inanimate, feminine): (о) красивой улице [kras`ivoй] [`uliцe] - (about) beautiful street

………………

(animate, neuter): (о) красивом украшении [kras`ivom] [ukra∫`enii] - (about) beautiful decoration

………………

(animate, masculine or feminine, plural): (о) красивых [kras`ivыh] - (about) beautiful

(inanimate, neuter, plural): (о) красивых [kras`ivыh] - (about) beautiful

Personal pronoun:

(обо) мне [mne] - (about) me

(о) нас [nas] - (about) us

……………..

(о) тебе [teb`e] - (about) you

(о) вас [vas] - (about) you

……………..

(о) нём [nёm] - (about) him

(о) ней [neй] - (about) her

(о) нём [nёm] - (about) it

(о) них [nih] - (about) them

Ordinal numeral:

(animate, masculine): (о) пятом зрителе [o] [p`яtom] [zr`itele] - (about) fifth viewer

(inanimate, masculine): (о) пятом месяце [o] [p`яtom] [m`esяцe] - (about) fifth month

………………

(animate, feminine): (о) пятой персоне [o] [p`яtой] [pers`one] - (about) fifth person

(inanimate, feminine): (о) пятой сливе [o] [p`яtой] [sl`ive] - (about) fifth plum

………………

(animate, neuter): (о) пятом зеркале [o] [p`яtom] [z`erkale] - (about) fifth mirror

………………

(animate, masculine): (о) пятых клоунах [o] [p`яtыh] [kl`ounah] - (about) fifth clowns

(animate, feminine): (о) пятых персонах [o] [p`яtыh] [pers`onah] - (about) fifth personas

(inanimate, neuter): (о) пятых зеркалах [o] [p`яtыh] [zerkal`ah] - (about) fifth mirrors

Participle:

masculine: (о) живущем [жiv`u∫^ьem] - (about) living

feminine: (о) живущей [жiv`u∫^ьей] - (about) living

neuter: (о) живущем [жiv`u∫^ьem] - (about) living

plural: (о) живущих [жiv`u∫^ьih] - (about) living

…………