Ex 5. Translate the following abstract using the given words and word-combinations. Reproduce it.

Сотні років тому люди будували мости через швидкоплинні річки та глибокі каньйони. Ідею створення моста первісні люди взяли у природи, коли побачили дерево, яке впало через річку.

На початку мости були дуже простими структурами, Їх мусили будувати з дерев'яних колод, каменю і бруду (багна). Через це вони могли поєднувати тільки дуже близької відстані. Структурна цілісність моста не могла бути високою, тому що розчин ще не було винайдено і дощ повільно розмивав міст. Революція в будівництві моста прийшла з Стародавнього Риму. Інженери виявили, що подрібнене вулканічне каміння може слугувати відмінним матеріалом для приготування будівельних розчинів. Цей винахід дозволив створити набагато більш міцніші, потужніші і більш великі структури, ніж будь-яка цивілізація перед ними.

На сьогодні існують такі типи мостів: арковий, балочний, висячий, розвідний і для їхнього будівництва інженери використовують залізо, сталь, залізобетон.

Vocabulary notes:

early people – первісні люди dirt – бруд, багно structural integrity – структурна цілісність mortar − розчин to dissolve – розчиняти, розмивати

Ancient Rome − Стародавній Рим grinded out volcanic rocks − подрібнене вулканічне каміння to make mortar – приготувати розчин close distances − близькі відстані sturdy – міцний, стійкий

Ex. 6. Test your engineering skills and try to choose the right bridge to the right location. Explain your choice in every location.

Beam Suspension Arch Drawbridge

Location 1: Build a multi-lane bridge for commuters and tourists Span: 2,000 feet Crossing: River Connects: City and major highway

Special Notes:

"I want a one-of-a-kind bridge that will span our beautiful river and welcome visitors from all over the world to our thriving city. Make sure the new bridge leaves enough room for sailboats on the river. Please don't build a bridge that looks like the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco or the Brooklyn Bridge in New York."

- Mayor of the city Craggy Rock .

What kind of bridge should you build? (Select one and explain why?)

Location 2: Build a bridge for rollerbladers and bikers Span: 100 feet Crossing: Stream Connects: Two bike paths

Special Notes:

"We're tired of getting bumped off the road by angry drivers! We want a simple bridge -- one that will connect the bike paths in East and West Craggy Rock over the city stream. We don't have much money, so we're not asking for much. We just want to get to work every day without risking our lives!"

-- Bike-n-Blade Coalition

What kind of bridge should you build? (Select one and explain why?)

Location 3: Build a highway bridge across a busy shipping port Span: 5,000 feet Crossing: Ocean bay Connects: Island and mainland

Special Notes:

"Our records indicate that more than 500 ships pass through Craggy Rock Harbor each day. Please build a bridge that does not block the flow of water traffic. We do not want angry sailors or congestion of any kind in our harbor. Thank you."

-- The United States Coast Guard

What kind of bridge should you build? (Select one and explain why?)

Location 4: Build a railroad bridge in a national park Span: 500 feet Crossing: Deep river gorge Connects: Two rocky bluffs

Special Notes:

"We do not want the new bridge to detract from the natural beauty of Craggy Rock National Park. Please build a simple and elegant bridge -- one that does not have towers or piers." -- The National Park Service

What kind of bridge should you build? (Select one and explain why?)

Check up yourself! http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/bridge/challenge/index.html

Ex. 7. Match each expression on the left with one of the statements on the right.

Span	A stone or brick bridge with arches spanning the distance between piers.
Pontoon bridge	A movable bridge that opens by swinging on a pivot.
Beam bridge	A bridge supported by cables usually hung from towers.
Suspension bridge	The traffic-bearing surface of a bridge.
Truss	The distance between two supports of a bridge.
Cantilever	A bridge with an arch of steel.
Masonry arch bridge	A bridge consisting of a rigid beam between two supports.
Concrete arch bridge	A bridge supported by hollow drums that can float.
Steel arch bridge	A movable bridge that sw­ings upward at an angle by means of a counterweight.
Deck	A bridge with an arch of reinforced concrete.
Lift bridge	A framework strengthened by diagonal beams between horizontal and vertical beams.
Swing bridge	A movable bridge with coun­terweights and electric mo­tion to raise the span.
Bascule bridge	A structure in which a hori­zontal beam extends beyond its support.

Ex 8. Identify each of the following bridges and describe its most important characteristics.

Grammar Drills ……………………………………………………………..