Did you know?

The imposing bridges that have survived from ancient times are arched structures of heavy masonry, usually stone or brick.

Herodotus, the Greek historian of the fifth century B.C., however, mentions a wooden bridge across the Euphrates River at Babylon.

In Rome, the bridge of Fabricius, built in 62 B.C. and named for its engineer, still carries traffic across the Tiber River, as does the Sant’ Angelo Bridge, built in about 136 a.d. Both of these bridges, and many other Roman bridges, have a series of arches supported by heavy piers that extend down to bedrock.

Ancient sources also mention pontoon bridges, usually in connection with military operations. A pontoon is a hollow drum that can float; a series of pontoons anchored to a riverbed can support a roadway.

The Incas of pre-Columbian Peru built remarkable suspension bridges, supported by cables of natural fibers, that crossed many of the deep gorges in their mountainous country.

Practicing……………………………………………………………………..

Word-building Affixation: Suffixes of Nouns

Suffixes of Nouns
Suffixes	Meanings	Examples
-an, -arian -ant/-ent -ee, -eer -er, -or -ician, -ist	personal names, profession	vegetarian servant, student examinee, profiteer porter, actor musician, physicist
-ite -er, -or	names of things	sybarite compressor transformer
-ess, -ine -rix, -et(te) -dom, -ery	feminine suffixes collectivity	actress, heroine, testatrix, suffragette. kingdom, confectionery
-hood, -ship		manhood, friendship

Ex1. Explain the meaning of suffixes in the following words.

childhood, electrician, engineer, economist, richness, ownership, assistant, hostess, investor, greatness, worker, humanist, builder, director, happiness, livelihood, relationship, supervisor, labourer, linguist, accountant, censorship, cleverness, designer, competitor, colonist, producer, technician, awareness, readership, boyhood, cigarette-lighter, cohabitant, bisectrix, cement, settee, chlorine, charioteer, inventiveness, employee, freedom, launderette, driver, librarian, profiteer, adulthood, physician

Vocabulary exercises

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/curve?s=t

Ex.1. Arrange the words into pairs of antonyms and translate them into Ukrainian:

strong, vertical, replace, lack, increase, complex, below, simple, horisontal, frequently, to capitulate, to destroy, rarely, deplace, above, downward, to overcome, weak, decrease, upward, sufficiency, to build

Ex.2. Arrange the words into pairs of synonyms and translate them into Ukrainian:

to overlive, connection, to design, to find, a brook, a moat, trait, improved, rigid, a ditch, to eliminate, strength, a stream, stiff, to discover, empty, to survive, perfected, to remove, connexion, to contrive, soundness, characteristic, hollow

Ex 3. Look through the text and find the English equivalents for:

Землетрус, поштовх, кам`яне знаряддя, витримувати сильні вітри, чинити опір силі, зменшити корозію, залізобетон, попередньо напружений залізобетон, розвідний міст, корінна підстильна порода, обертатися, однокрилий міст, противага, усунути помилку, метод.

Ex 4. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the list below:

Shape, people, thawing, vehicles, withstand, ravines, strong, distance.

Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

Bridges are structures used by 1)p and 2) v to make crossing areas easier in travel. Engineers build bridges over rivers, lakes, 3)r , canyons, railroads, and highways.

Bridges must be built 4)s enough to safely support their own weight as well as the weight of the people and vehicles that pass over it. The bridge must also 5)w natural occurrences that include weathering, earthquakes, strong winds, and freezing and 6)t .

Engineers must consider many things -- like the7) d to be spanned and the types of materials available -- before determining the size, 8)s , and overall look of a bridge.