Unit 8 (20). Fire fighting

Grammar:

4. Subjunctive Mood § 71

5. Infinitive § 55

6. Бессоюзное подчинение § 50

A. 1. Read and translate the following international words: category [΄kætigəri], bacteriological [bæk,tiəriə¢lɔdʒikəl], brigade [bri¢geid], initiative [i′niòiətiv]

1. 2. Learn new words

burn ожог cross крест flying полет fright испуг	adverse неблагоприятный, враждебный, лежащий напротив agent вещество, реактив, фактор; посредник, представитель association [ə,sousi¢eiòən] соединение, общество, ассоциация fire drills пожарные учения, противопожарный инструктаж
fully полностью helpful полезный loud громкий panic паника pressure давление reach достигать society общество sound звук spot место		alarm сигнал тревоги box коробка, ящик clothing одежда, платье crash крушение, авария man укоплектовывать mob толпа, толпиться obviously очевидно occupation занятие spill поток, ливень				alert [ə¢lə:t] сигнал тревоги clearly ясно, четко, понятно dehydration обезвоживание extinguisher огнетушитель heavy толстый, сильный hold - held - held держать raise поднимать, повышать ride – rode – ridden ехать voluntary добровольный
victim жертва viral вирусный		hose reel катушка шланга, барабан для намотки рукава in addition (to) кроме, кроме того, в дополнение к
go into расследовать			consolidate укреплять, затвердевать, уплотнять
ongoing поведение, поступки truck грузовой автомобиль				charge надзор, хранение, ответственность inform [in¢fɔ:m] информировать, сообщать
crew экипаж, команда, бригада current текущий, современный drill тренировка, тренировать issue происходить, выпускать outlying удаленный, отдаленный responsibility ответственность st. = saint [seint / sənt] святой statutory установленный (законом)					aid помощь, поддержка; способствовать encounter наталкиваться, сталкиваться implement выполнять, осуществлять place класть, помещать; укладывать riot нарушение общественного порядка sensory чувствительный, сенсорный superior лучший, превосходный, высший yet еще, все еще; тем не менее, однако

certificate [sə'tifikit] письменное удостоверение, свидетельство, сертификат

first aid box аптечка первой помощи, ящик с лекарствами

qualify квалифицировать, называть, приобретать специальность, приобретать какую-л. ква­лификацию

A. 3. Read and translate the following groups of derivatives

measure – to measure, center – to center, place – to place, man – to man, help – to help - helpful, inform – information, prevent - prevention, prepare - preparation, protect - protective - protection, occur – occurrence, significant - significance, employ – employee – employer - employment, train - trainee - training, improve - improvement, achieve – achievement, develop - development, require - requirement, load - loading, burn - burning, fight - fighter - fighting, extinguish - extinguisher, store – storage, responsible - responsibility, oil - oily, hazard - hazardous, danger - dangerous, easy - easily, clear - clearly, obvious - obviously, full - fully

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations:

take measures, inform people, the occurrence of a fire, public settings, proper loading, prevent electrical fires, fire hazards, storage areas, combustible items, ignite fumes, fire-fighting equipment, increase research, improve the quality, full-time per­sonnel, achieve skills, for this reason, ongoing initiatives, improve the protective equipment, personal alert safety systems, emit a loud sound, be overcome by the fumes, a burning building,

extinguish fires, deliver emergency medical services, cope with hazardous materials spills, dangerous occupations, hazardous chemicals, fight fires,

fully understand, a fire hazard, raise the fire alarm, a full-time crew, first aid training, the consequencies of unsafe acts

B. 1. Translate the sentences paying attention to SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

1. If the air were only composed of nitrogen burning would be impossible. 2. If the speed of the body were 16 km per second it would leave the solar system. 3. It would be important to make the experiment in the laboratory. 4. Had not the building materials used in the structures of the feudal period undergone great changes, no progress in building would have been possible. 5. If the weather conditions had been favourable, the construction of the tunnel would have been completed in time. 6. Had the principles of physics been known and properly applied mаnу accidents could have been prevented.

B. 2. Translate the sentences

1. In order to calculate the volume of any object you must measure its height, width and depth. 2. Our country was the first to send man into space. 3. Scientific discoveries to be practically applied in industry and agriculture are paid special attention to. 4. They used boats to carry supplies of food to the island. 5. In order to see that the work is done well he did all his best. 6. Many ores to be found in this district are of great value to the industry. 7. The solution to be filtered was poured into a glass. 8. To determine the properties of this new material is to carry out numerous experiments. 9. Measures need to be taken to inform people what to do in case of a fire.

B. 3. Translate the sentences

1. We know electricity produces heat. 2. The information science gets about other galaxies comes through radio telescopes. 3. The tools this plant produces help to automate production processes. 4. The material the scientist must deal with is radioactive. 5. This material is valuable because of the several important properties it possesses. 6. The region we must explore possesses great natural wealth. 7. The problem this article deals with is connected with the subject we study. 8. The tunnel under the river Euphrates was prob­ably the first submarine tunnel we know about.

C. 1. Read the text FIRE FIGHTING and answer the questions:

1. What are potentially serious fire hazards?

2. What services do fire fighters deliver?

Fire fighting is an important occupation in our society. Most com­munities have some kind of fire-fighting organization. Different kinds of equipment and training go into the development of an individual fire-fighting system. It is important that increasing research and training be implemented to improve the quality of community fire-fighting equipment and personnel.

Measures need to be taken to inform people what to do in case of a fire. All workers need to be instructed on what to do in the event of a fire, and should be examined from time to time to ensure that they fully understand. Fire drills should be held to consolidate this training in factories where there is a significant fire hazard. All workers should be trained when and how to raise the fire alarm and how to use fire fighting equipment provided on the spot, such as hose reels and extinguishers. In addition, many works have their own fire brigades manned by a full-time crew.

There are numerous categories of skill that the firefighter is expected to achieve. As fire fighting becomes more technical, the training of fire-fighting personnel is more specialized.

Hazards encountered by firefighters include the potential for:

- burns, dehydration and other effects of heat, smoke inhalation, heavy protective clothing, falling materials, or explosions;

- exposure to toxic materials and bacteriological or viral agents;

- physical injury and sensory damage from firefighting activities and noise levels;

- dealing with victims of fire in varying states of fright, panic, and injury, or participating in mob or riot control; and/or

- operating or riding on fire trucks at high speeds under adverse conditions, or flying in aircraft to reach crash sites or fires in outlying areas.

There are ongoing initiatives designed to improve the protective equipment available to fire fighters. Particular interest has centered on the development of lighter, yet more superior fire-fighting equipment and clothing. For example, most fire fighters now have personal alert safety systems. These electronic devices, worn by the fire fighter, emit a loud sound any time the individual doesn't move for over a thirty-second period of time. This helps to locate any fire fighter working in a smoke-filled room. Another piece of equipment that is helpful to fire fighters is the pressure ventilator. The ventilator is placed inside a burning building to blow smoke out of the way so that the fire fighters are able to see more clearly.

In addition to their responsibilities in extinguishing fires, fire fighters also deliver other services in many communities. They often are qualified to deliver emergency medical services, as well as to cope with hazardous materials spills. Fire fighting is obviously one of the more dangerous occupations in the United States. In addition to prob­lems associated with the blaze itself, the firefighter is exposed to various toxic gases, and other hazardous chemicals. More than 100,000 firefighters are injured each year while fighting fires.

In all factories where more than fifty people are employed, it is a statutory requirement that the person in charge of the first aid box must possess a current first aid certificate issued by one of the voluntary first aid societies: the British Red Cross Society, the St. Andrew's Ambulance Association and others.

D. 1. Comment on the statements:

All workers need to be instructed on what to do in the event of a fire.

Measures need to be taken to inform people what to do in case of a fire.

There are numerous categories of skill that the firefighter is expected to achieve.

Fire fighters also deliver other services in many communities.

B. 4. Translate the sentences

1. It would be impossible to build spaceships without using new materials. 2. If the installation is put into operation in time, the economic effect will be greater. 3. If the system had been perfected, we should have applied it for new calculations. 4. If the service life of the instrument had been prolonged, the economic effect would have been increased many times. 5. If the computer's electronic memory had recorded all the operator's commands the picture of deviations from the required parameters would have been produced. 6. It would be impossible to determine the properties of these materials without intensive studies in our research lab. 7. If the metal had been heated slowly, the first changes in its appearance would have occurred at a temperature of 1,000° K. 8. What would you use if you wanted to measure air pressure? 9. It is important that increasing research and training be implemented to improve the quality of community fire-fighting equipment and personnel.

B. 5. Translate the sentences

1. The problem to be solved is of great importance for our research. 2. We export special equipment and some kinds of technology designed to weaken corrosion. 3. The new method to be introduced at our plant will increase labour productivity. 4. The young scientist was the first to apply this invention. 5. To make a radio-isotope means to change the nucleus of a stable element. 6. The question will be discussed at the conference to be held in Paris. 7. The method used depends on the length to be measured. 8. The substance to be analyzed should be pure. 9. Every effort should be made to assure that any heating device is properly maintained.

B. 6. Translate the sentences бессоюзное

1. In the future new alloys and synthetic materials should replace the metals we use today. 2. The Romans were especially skilled in tunnel construc­tion because of the improvements in methods they used. 3. They applied this principle in all cases when a solid rock the builders encountered had to be cut through. 4. Road construction was the activity of man that required making an arti­ficial passage through hills the builders encountered in their way. 5. The molecules every substance consists of are in a state of constant motion. 6. The tunnel under the river Euphrates was prob­ably the first submarine tunnel we know about. 7. Rocks are classified according to the material they consist of. 8. Water is one of the things man can’t live without. 9. The documents the secretary has registered are in the office.

C. 2. Read the text PROCESS FIRE PRECAUTIONS and then discuss it with your partner

HSE is mainly concerned with process fire precautions. These are the special fire precautions, required in any workplace in connection with the work process that is being carried out there (including the storage of articles, substances and materials relating to that work process). They are to prevent or reduce the likelihood of a fire breaking out and if a fire does occur, to reduce its spread and intensity. Some examples of process fire precautions are:

Storage of flammable liquids in process are, workrooms, laboratories and similar working areas; ventilation systems to dilute or remove flammable gas or vapour; selecting equipment that will not be a source of ignition; extraction systems to remove combustible materials such as wood dust.

Process fire precautions are enforced by HSE or the local authority, under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSW Act); the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (MHSWR); and more specific health and safety legislation such as the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 (DSEAR).

article изделие, предмет select отбирать, выбирать	precaution предосторожность, предостережение workroom рабочая комната, помещение для работы
in connection with в связи с		explosive взрывчатый; взрывчатое вещество
dilute разбавлять, разводить extraction извлечение, добывание			ignition воспламенение, зажигание remove удалять, передвигать, убирать

HSE = health ans safety executive администратор по охране безопасности и здоровья

C. 3. Read the text FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS using a dictionary

In process and chemical engineering fields, it has so far proved very much more difficult to quantify the risks on any sort of a hazard scale, so that far more is left to the skill, judgement and experience of the designer or design team. Communities and Local Government (CLG) has policy responsibility for general fire safety in all non-domestic premises (including the common parts of blocks of flats and houses in multiple occupation) in England, Scotland and Wales.

General fire safety in England and Wales is delivered through compliance with the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 (‘the Order’). In Scotland, fire safety duties are contained in Part 3 of the Fire (Scotland) Act 2005, as amended, and the Fire Safety (Scotland) Regulations 2006.

The legislation implements a risk based approach to fire safety in community, industrial and business premises. It requires the responsible person (usually the employer, owner or occupier) to carry out a fire safety risk assessment and implement appropriate fire precautionary and protection measures, and to maintain a fire management plan.

Fire and Rescue Authorities are the principal enforcers and have a statutory duty to enforce the requirements of the legislation.

In the majority of cases, responsibility for enforcement of fire safety legislation in respect of “special premises” has transferred from HSE to the relevant local fire and rescue authority.

E. 1. Put the verbs into the correct form

1. They (work) at this problem last year. 2. He (think) about emigrating to Canada. 3. She (know) the geography well. 4. My sister (become) a doctor. 5. He (do) a certain job at the lab. 6. We (build) this bridge two years ago. 7. What you (do) now? 8. The scientist (write) an article not long ago. 9. They (find) a solution to this problem. 10. He (get) higher education at Chita State University. 11. He (be) never to England.