II. Дайте відповіді на запитання

1. What vehicle is called the bulldozer?

2. What differs the bulldozer from the tractor?

3. What purposes does the bulldozer serve to?

4. What is the purpose of the ripper?

5. Why are bulldozers still widely used for large scale earthworks?

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III. Виходячи з відповідності речень до тексту, позначте їх +/-

1. Bulldozers have excellent ground hold and a torque divider designed to convert the engine's power into dragging ability.

2. The Caterpillar D9 can easily tow tanks that weigh more than 50 tons.

3. The ripper shank is fitted with a replaceable tungsten steel alloy lip.

4. The bulldozer blade is a piece of heavy metal plate, installed behind the tractor.

5. A very small bulldozer is called a calfdozer.

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IV. Визначте тип термінів тексту стосовно їх будови

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V. Знайдіть приклади інтернаціональної лексики

ВАРІАНТ 8

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І. Прочитайте текст та виконайте повний письмовий переклад

ENGINE

The primary components of an automobile are the power plant, the transmission, the running gear, and the control system. These constitute the chassis, on which the body is mounted. The power plant includes the engine and its fuel, ignition, electrical, lubrication, and cooling systems.

By far the greatest number of automobiles and trucks worldwide use either Otto-cycle gasoline four-cycle piston engines or diesel piston engines, which run on diesel oil. The four-cycle engine requires four strokes of the piston per cycle. The first down stroke draws in the gasoline mixture. The first upstroke compresses it. The second downstroke - the power stroke - following the combustion of the fuel, supplies the actual power, and the second upstroke evacuates the burnt gases. Intake and exhaust valves in the cylinder control the intake of fuel and the release of burnt gases. At the end of the power stroke the pressure of the burnt gases in the cylinder is 2.8 to 3.5 kg/sq cm. These gases escape with almost explosive violence with the sudden opening of the exhaust valve. They rush through an exhaust manifold to a catalytic converter designed to reduce hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. The remaining exhaust gas is released into the atmosphere.

Continuous availability of power and smoothness of operation of the four-cycle engine were improved by the development of the four-cylinder engine, which supplies power from one or another of the cylinders on each stroke of the cycle. A further increase in power and smoothness is obtained in engines of 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 cylinders, which are arranged in either a straight line or two banks assembled in the form of a V. For many years large V-8 engines were popular, but by the early 1980s they were being phased out and replaced by V-6, V-5, V-4, and V-3 gasoline engines using microprocessors for improved fuel-air control and thus better fuel economy; V-8s began to make a comeback in the early 1990s, and V-10 and V-12 engines were also used in some luxury models.

V-8 diesel engines appeared in the late 1970s in General Motors Corp. (GM) cars, and V-6, V-5, and V-4 diesel engines were used increasingly during the early 1980s because of their superior fuel economy, up to 25 percent better than that of a comparable gasoline engine. Diesels soon lost favor, however, partly because of poor performance and high exhaust-emissions levels. Turbocharged diesels overcame the problem of slow acceleration and were the dominant type of diesel engine by the mid-1990s.

In the early 1970s one Japanese automaker began to manufacture cars powered by the rotary-combustion, or Wankel, engine. The engine, in which the combustion movement employs rotors instead of vertical pistons, can be up to one-third lighter than conventional vehicle engines because it needs fewer spark plugs, piston rings, and moving parts. The rotary's popularity had waned by the early 1990s, however, due to higher cost, poorer relative fuel economy, and advances in conventional engines such as turbocharging, supercharging, four valves per cylinder, and electronic engine-management systems.

A number of alternative engines have met with varying degrees of success. The gas turbine engine proved impractical because of high manufacturing costs and other problems. On the other hand, large-scale production of two-cycle engines, which are less bulky and lighter than four-cycle engines and thus more fuel efficient, is more easily managed. Prompted by U.S. legislation calling for virtually pollution-free vehicles, automakers also have begun limited mass-production of electric-powered vehicles.

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