II. Дайте відповіді на запитання

1. What is the purpose of the tractor?

2. What are the basic components of the tractor?

3. How are tractors distinguished by purpose?

4. What is a particularity of the tractor braking system?

5. Which troubles may be caused by tractors on the public roads?

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III. Виходячи з відповідності речень до тексту, позначте їх +/-

1. In Britain the word "tractor" usually means "steam tractor".

2. The most common use of the term tractor is for the vehicles used on farms.

3. There are usually two foot-pedals, for the operator, on the floor of a tractor.

4. The operator presses both pedals together to stop the tractor.

5. Slower speeds are necessary for most operations that are performed with a tractor.

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IV. Визначте тип термінів тексту стосовно їх будови

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V. Знайдіть приклади інтернаціональної лексики

ВАРІАНТ 5

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І. Прочитайте текст та виконайте повний письмовий переклад

Modern tractors

Modern farm tractors range in size from 18 to 500 horsepower (15 to 400 kW). Tractors can be generally classified as two wheel drive, two wheel drive with front wheel assist, or four wheel drive (with articulated steering). Variations of the classic style include the diminutive lawn tractors, and their more capable and ruggedly constructed cousins garden tractors, which tend to range from 10 to 25 horsepower and are used for smaller farm tasks and mowing grass, and landscaping. The size - especially with modern tractors - and the slower speeds are reasons motorists are urged to use caution when encountering a tractor on the roads.

Modern tractors have roll-over protection systems (ROPS) to prevent an operator from being crushed if the tractor rolls over. This is especially important in open-air tractors. In open-air tractors the ROPS is a steel beam that extends above the operator's seat. For tractors with operator cabs, the ROPS is part of the frame of the cab. Before ROPS were required many farmers died when their tractors rolled over en top of them. Row-crop tractors, before ROPS, were particularly dangerous because of their 'tricycle' design with the two front wheels spaced close together and pointed inward toward the ground. Many farmers were killed by rollovers while operating tractors along steep slopes. ROPS were first required by legislation in New Zealand in the 1960s.

Most tractors have a means to transfer the engine's power to another machine such as a baler or mower. Early tractors used belts wrapped around pulleys to power stationary equipment. Modern tractors use a power take-off shaft (PTO) to provide rotary power to machinery that may be stationary or pulled. Almost all modern tractors can also provide hydraulic and electrical power.

Farm implements can be attached to the rear of the tractor by either a drawbar or by a three-point hitch. The three-point hitch was invented by Harry Ferguson and has been a standard since the 1960s. Equipment attached to the three-point hitch can be raised or lowered hydraulically with a control lever. The equipment attached to the three-point hitch is usually completely supported by the tractor. Some farm-type tractors are found elsewhere than on farms: with large universities' gardening departments, or in public parks, or for highway workman use with blowtorch cylinders strapped to its sides and a pneumatic drill air compressor permanently fastened over its power take-off. The first mechanized farm implements in the 1800's and early 1900's were steam tractors which were not very safe and could explode or entangle their operators on belt driven attachments. The durability and engine power of tractors made them very suitable for engineering tasks. Tractors can be fitted with engineering tools such as dozer blade, hoe, ripper, and so on. The most common attachments for the front of a tractor are dozer blade or a bucket. When attached with engineering cools the tractor is called an engineering vehicle.

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