II. Дайте відповіді на запитання

1. What is the purpose of the transmission?

2. What types of transmission do you know?

3. What does the torque-converter type of transmission provide?

4. How does the manual transmission operate?

5. What are the characteristic features of the hydramatic transmission?

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III. Виходячи з відповідності речень до тексту, позначте їх +/-

1. Four general types of transmissions are in current use.

2. The conventional manual transmission consists of two shafts.

3. The conventional manual transmission provides from two to seven forward speeds.

4. The torque converter is a hydraulic mechanism.

5. The turbine is connected to the drive shaft.

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IV. Визначте тип термінів тексту стосовно їх будови

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V. Знайдіть приклади інтернаціональної лексики

ВАРІАНТ 12

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І. Прочитайте та виконайте повний письмовий переклад

Car electrical system

When the automotive industry was in its infancy, it used electricity only to ignite the fuel inside the engine. By the late 1920's, the electric starter replaced the hand crank, electric headlights made acetylene lamps obsolete and the braying of the electric horn drowned out the squeak of the hand-squeezed air horn. Today, an automobile requires an elaborate electrical system of circuits just to produce, store, and distribute all the electricity it requires simply for everyday operation. The first major component in the electrical system is the battery. The battery is used to store power for starting, and for running auxiliary devices such as clocks, radios and alarms when the engine is off. The next major component is the starter motor, which is used to start the engine. The third component is a charging device powered by the engine, known as the alternator. It powers the electrical system when the car is running, and restores the charge within the battery. With these basic components, the car maintains its supply of electricity. A device called the voltage regulator keeps the power level stabilized, and the fuse box keeps minor problems from becoming major ones.

Many different auxiliary electrical devices arc used in modern cars, such as: radios, cellular phones, rear window defrosters and electric door locks.

Automotive systems use conductive wires to supply electrical energy. However, since electrical energy must follow a closed loop, provision is made for the area of lowest electrical potential to act a conduit as well. This part of any electrical circuit is called the "ground" and uses the car's metallic body structure to permit electron flow back to the battery.

Although most automobiles use many pathways to distribute electrical energy, there are three primary circuits which are common to almost all cars:

(1) The charging system is composed of the battery, alternator (or generator for older Volvos) and voltage regulator.

(2) The primary electrical system, fed by the battery, represents the bulk of a oar's electrical components and includes most of the wiring, main computer (if fitted), electrical fuel pump(s), starter, lights, radio, door locks, etc.

(3) The secondary electrical system uses battery energy to convert high-current, low voltage energy into high-voltage, low current impulses which are used to fire spark plugs, igniting the air/fuel mixture within each cylinder to initiate the Otto Cycle, allowing the engine to "run".

Fortunately, modern cars electrical systems are fairly simple in concept and execution making them easy to maintain for mechanics.

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