II. Дайте відповіді на запитання

1. What is compressed by the first upstroke of the piston?

2. What devices constitute the battery ignition system?

3. What is the purpose of the electric equipment?

4. What automobile auxiliary devices are also operated by the electricity?

5. What allows the vehicle to travel at a constant speed without use of the brakes or accelerator?

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III. Виходячи з відповідності речень до тексту, позначте їх +/-

1. The principal type of high-tension ignition now commonly used is the battery-and-coil system.

2. The current from the battery flows through the high-tension coil and magnetizes the iron core.

3. The starting motor is of a special type that operates under a heavy overload.

4. Various automatic devices and accessories are operated by electronic actuators.

5. The starting motor is not of a special type.

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IV. Визначте тип термінів тексту стосовно їх будови

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V. Знайдіть приклади інтернаціональної лексики

ВАРІАНТ 11

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І. Прочитайте та виконайте повний письмовий переклад

Manual and automatic transmiss1ons

The transmission is a device that changes speed and power ratios between the engine and the driving wheels. Three general types of transmissions are in current use. The conventional, or sliding-gear, transmission, which requires manual operation for shifting gears, dominated the field for about 30 years. This so-called stick-shift transmission is now used in far fewer cars than GM's Hydra-Matic and similar hydraulic transmissions using torque converters.

The conventional manual transmission provides from three to six forward speeds and one reverse speed. It consists of two shafts, each with gears of varying diameters. One shaft drives the other at a preselected speed by meshing the appropriate set of gears. For reverse speed, an extra gear, known as the idler gear, is required to turn the driven shaft in the opposite direction from normal rotation. In high speed, the two shafts usually turn at the same speed. In low, second, and reverse speeds, the driven shaft turns more slowly than the driving shaft. When a pair of gears permits the driven shaft to turn more rapidly than the driving shaft, the transmission is said to have overdrive. Overdrive is designed to increase the speed of an automobile without taxing the engine beyond what is considered its normal operating limits; manual and automatic transmissions can have overdrive. It gained wide popularity as a fuel-economy enhancing device during the 1980s and '90s.

The hydramatic type of transmission combines the automatic clutch provided by fluid coupling with a semiautomatic transmission. A mechanical governor, controlled by the pressure exerted on the accelerator pedal, regulates gear selection through a system of hydraulically controlled shift valves. Typical automatic transmissions in the early 1990s had either three or four forward speeds, and increasingly were being controlled by computers linked to the engine.

The torque-converter type of transmission provides an unlimited number of gear ratios with no actual shifting of gears. The torque converter is a hydraulic mechanism using engine power to drive a pump, which impels streams of oil against the blades of a turbine. The turbine is connected to the drive shaft and causes it to rotate.

Both hydramatic and torque-converter systems are controlled by a selector lever on the steering column or console, which provides also for reverse and emergency-low speeds. Continuously, or infinitely, variable transmissions (CVTs), which offer an unlimited number of gear ratios for smoother, more-efficient driving, remained under development and in limited use in the early 1990s.

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