Глаголы выражающие желание:

to appear, to seem – казаться

to belong – принадлежать

to exist – существовать

to have – иметь

to consist – состоять

to contain – содержать в себе

to own – владеть

to cost – стоить

to depend – зависеть

to weigh - весить

to possess – обладать

SIMPLE TENSES

Types of the sentences

Present

Past

Future

Future-in-the-Past

Positive (+)

I

You V

We

They

H e

She V+ es/s

It

E.g. We usually work.

He goes to the Zoo every Sunday.

I

Y ou

We

They V +ed/ V₂

He

She

It

E.g. They worked yesterday.

He went to the Zoo 2 years ago.

I / We shall V

Y ou

They

He will V

She

It

E.g. We shall work next week.

He will go to the Zoo tomorrow.

I / We should V

Y ou

They

He would V

She

It

E.g. (He said that) We should work next week.

He would go to the Zoo the next day.

Negative (-)

I

You

We do not V

They

H e

She does not V

It

E.g. I don’t like it.

He does not go to the Zoo every Sunday.

I

You

We

They did not V

He

She

It

E.g. I didn’t like it.

He did not go to the Zoo yesterday.

I / We shall not V

Y ou

They

He will not V

She

It

E.g. I shan’t cook tomorrow.

He will not go to the Zoo tomorrow.

I / We should not V

You

T hey

He would not V

She

It

(He said that) We should not work next week.

He would not go to the Zoo the next day.

Interrogative (?)

I

Do you V

we

they

he

Does she V

It

E.g. Do you live here?

Does he go to the Zoo every Sunday?

I

you

we

Did they V ?

he

she

It

E.g. Did you live here last year?

Did he go to the Zoo last year?

Shall I / we V ?

you

they

Will he V ?

she

It

E.g. Shall we do it tomorrow?

Will he go to the Zoo tomorrow?

Should I / we V ?

you

they

Would he V ?

she

It

E.g. Should we do it tomorrow?

Would he go to the Zoo the next day?

Clue words

Usually, always, often, sometimes, every day (week, month, year)

Yesterday, last week (month, year), ... ago

Tomorrow, next week (month, year), in

CONTINUOUS TENSES

Types of the sentences

Present

Past

Future

Future-in-the-Past

Positive (+)

I am

Y ou

We are V_ing

They

H e

She is

It

E.g. I am reading book at 5 o’clock today.

She is doing her homework now.

I

He was V_ing

She

It

Y ou

We were V_ing

They

E.g. When I came they were reading book.

She was doing her homework at 5 o’clock yesterday.

I / We shall be V_ing

Y ou

They

He will be V_ing

She

It

E.g. When I come they will be reading book.

She will be doing her homework at 10 o’clock tomorrow.

I / We should be V_ing You

T hey

He would be V_ing

She

It

E.g. (He said that) We should be working at 10 o’clock the next day.

He would be going to the Zoo at this time next day.

Negative (-)

I am

Y ou

We are not V_ing

They

H e

She is

It

E.g. I am not reading book.

She is not doing her home task now.

I

He

She was not V_ing

It

Y ou

We were not V_ing

They

E.g. When I came they weren’t reading book.

She wasn’t doing her home task at 5 o’clock yesterday.

I / We shall not be V_ing

Y ou

They

He will not be V_ing

She

It

E.g. When I come they will not be reading book.

She will not be doing her homework at 10 o’clock tomorrow.

I / We should not be V_ing

Y ou

They

He would not be V_ing

She

It

E.g. (He said that) We should not be working at 10 o’clock the next day.

He would not be going to the Zoo at this time next day.

Interrogative (?)

Am I

you

Are we V_ing ?

they

he

Is she

it

E.g. Am I reading book.

Is she doing her home task now?

I

he

Was she V_ing ?

it

you

Were we V_ing ?

they

E.g. Were you reading book?

Was she doing her homework at 5 o’clock yesterday?

Shall I / we be V_ing ?

you

they

Will he be V_ing ?

she

It

E.g. Shall we be doing it whole day tomorrow ?

Will she be doing her homework at 10 o’clock tomorrow?

Should I / we be V_ing ?

you

they

Would he be V_ing ?

she

It

E.g. Should we be doing it whole day tomorrow?

Clue words

Now, at ... o’clock today, at the moment, still.

When I came..., from... till o’clock yesterday, whole, while

When I come..., from... till o’clock tomorrow, whole, while

PERFECT TENSES

Types of the sentences

Present

Past

Future

Future-in-the-Past

Positive (+)

I

You

We have V +ed/ V₃

They

H e

She has V +ed/ V₃

It

E.g. They have just talked

He has already written a letter.

I

You

We

They had V +ed/ V₃

He

She

It

E.g. They had talked

He had written a letter.

I / We shall have V +ed/ V₃

Y ou

They

He will have V +ed/ V₃

She

It

E.g. He will have written a letter by 5 o’clock tomorrow.

I / We should have V +ed/ V₃

Y ou

They

He would have V +ed/ V₃

She

It

E.g. (He said that) He would have written a letter by 5 o’clock the next day.

Negative

(-)

I

You have not V +ed/ V₃

We

They

H e

She has not V +ed/ V₃

It

E.g. They have never talked about it.

He has not written a letter yet.

I

Y ou

We

They had not V +ed/ V₃

He

She

It

E.g. They had not talked about it.

He had not written a letter.

I / We shall not have V +ed/ V₃

Y ou

They

He will not have V +ed/ V₃

She

It

E.g. He will not have written a letter by 5 o’clock tomorrow.

I / We should have V +ed/ V₃

Y ou

They

He would not have V +ed/ V₃

She

It

E.g. (He said that) He would not have written a letter by 5 o’clock the next day.

Interrogative (?)

I

you V +ed/ V₃ ?

Have we

they

he

Has she V +ed/ V₃ ?

it

E.g. Have they ever talked about it?

Has he written a letter yet?

I

you

we

Had they V +ed/ V₃ ?

he

she

it

E.g. Had they ever talked about it?

Had he written a letter yet?

Shall I / we have V +ed/ V₃?

you

they

Will he have V +ed/ V₃ ?

she

It

E.g. Will he have written a letter by 5 o’clock tomorrow?

Should I / we have V +ed/ V₃?

you

they

Would he have V +ed/ V₃ ?

she

It

E.g. Would he have written a letter by 5 o’clock the next day?

Clue words

Just, already, yet, never, ever, recently, for

For, by … o’ clock yesterday, before.

by … o’ clock tomorrow, before

PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES

Types of the sentences

Present

Past

Future

Future-in-the-Past

Positive (+)

I

Y ou have been V_ing

We

They

H e

She has been V_ing

It

E.g. We have been reading since morning.

I

Y ou

We

They had been V_ing

He

She

It

E.g. We had been reading for 2 hours when mother came.

I / We shall have been V_ing

You

T hey

He will have been V_ing

She

It

E.g. We shall have been reading for 2 hours when they come.

I / We should have been V_ing

Y ou

They

He would have been V_ing

She

It

E.g. (We said that) We should have been reading for 2 hours.

Negative (-)

I

You have not been V_ing

We

They

He

She has not been V_ing

It

E.g. We have not been reading since morning.

I

You

We

They had not been V_ing

He

She

It

E.g. We had not been reading for 2 hours when mother came.

I / We shall not have been V_ing

Y ou

They

He will not have been V_ing

She

It

E.g. We shall not have been reading for 2 hours when they come.

I / We should not have been V_ing

Y ou

They

He would not have been V_ing

She

It

E.g. (We said that)We shall not have been reading for 2 hours.

Interrogative (?)

I

Have you been V_ing?

we

they

he

Has she been V_ing?

it

E.g. Have we been reading since morning?

I

you

we

Had they been V_ing?

he

she

it

E.g. Had we been reading since morning?

Shall I / we have been V_ing?

you

they

Will he have been V_ing?

she

It

E.g. Will we have been reading for 2 hours when they come?

Should I / we have been V_ing?

you

they

Would he have been V_ing?

she

It

E.g. Would we have been reading for 2 hours?

Clue words

since

since

for

for

The verb to be in the Present, Past, Future Tenses

PRESENT TENSE

PAST TENSE

FUTUTE TENSE

Positive (+)

I – am (I’m)

Y ou

We are (‘re)

They

H e

She is (‘s)

It

I am a student.Я (есть) студент.

You are a student.. Ты (есть) студент.

He is a student. Он (есть) студент.

I

She, He was (‘s)

It

Y ou

We were (‘re)

They

I was a student. Я был студентом.

He was a student. Он был студентом.

You were a student. Ты был студентом.

I, We – shall be (‘ll be)

Y ou

They

He will be (‘ll be)

She

It

I shall be a student. Я буду студентом.

He will be a student. Он будет студентом.

You will be a student. Ты будешь студентом.

Negative (-)

I am not (‘m not)

Y ou

We are not (aren’t)

They

H e

She is not (isn’t)

It

E.g. He is not at home.

We are not students.

I

He

She was not (wasn’t)

It

Y ou

We were not (weren’t)

They

E.g. He was not at home.

We were not students.

I / We shall not be (shan’t be)

Y ou

They

He will not be (won’t be)

She

It

E.g. He will not be at home.

We shall not be students.

Interrogative (?)

Am I

you

Are we ?

they

he

Is she

it

E.g. Is he at home?

Are we students?

I

he

Was she ?

it

you

Were we ?

they

E.g. Was he at home?

Were we students?

Shall I / we be ?

you

they

Will he be ?

she

It

E.g. Will he be at home?

Shall we be students?

Clue words

Today, now, usually, always, often, sometimes, every day (week, month, year)

Yesterday, last week (month, year), ... ago

Tomorrow, next week (month, year), in

The verb to have (got) in the Present, Past, Future Tenses

PRESENT TENSE

PAST TENSE

FUTUTE TENSE

Positive (+)

I

You

We have (‘ve ) (got)

They

H e

She has (‘s) (got)

It

E. g. They have a big house.

He has a new car.

I

You

We

They had (‘d) (got)

He

She

It

E. g. They had a house.

He had a black car.

I / We shall have (‘ll have) (got)

Y ou

They

He will have (‘ll have) (got)

She

It

E.g. We shall (We’ll) have a big house.

He will (He’ll) have a new car.

Negative (-)

I

You have not (haven’t) (got)

We

They

H e

She has not (hasn’t) (got)

It

E.g. They have not a house.

He has not a new car.

I

Y ou

We

They had not (hadn’t) (got)

He

She

It

E.g. They had not a house.

He had not a black car.

I / We shall not (shan’t) have (got)

Y ou

They

He will not (won’t) have (got)

She

It

E.g. We shall not have a big house.

He will not have a new car.

Interrogative (?)

I

you (got) ?

Have we

they

he

Has she (got) ?

it

E.g. Have they a house?

Has he a car?

I

you

we

Had they (got) ?

he

she

it

E.g. Had they house?

Had he a black car?

Shall I / we have ?

you

they

Will he have (got)?

she

It

E.g. Shall we have a big house?

Will he have a new car?

Clue words

Today, usually, always, often, sometimes, every day (week, month, year)

Yesterday, last week (month, year), ... ago

Tomorrow, next week (month, year), in

Prepositions of place and direction

Prepositions

Предлоги

For example

Например

on

на (где? куда?)

on the table (где?)

on the table (куда?)

на столе

на стол

in

в (где?)

The flowers are in the vase

Цветы в вазе.

into

в (куда, во что?)

Put the flowers into the vase

Положи цветы в вазу

to

в (куда?)

to the country

в деревню (загород)

from

из, от, с, у

from the country

from Peter

from the table

из деревни

у Петера

со стола

out of

из (из внутри ч. л.)

out of room

из комнаты

off

с (со) (с поверхности ч.-л.)

off the table

со стола

near, at, by

у, около, за

near (by) the window

at the table

у окна

за столом

behind

позади

behind the house

за домом

under

под

under the bed

под кроватью

in front of

перед

in front of the house

перед домом

among

среди

among the balls (many balls)

среди мячиков

between

между

between the balls (two balls)

между мячиков

in the middle of

в середине

in the middle of the room

в середине комнаты

above

над

above the tree

над деревом

next to

рядом

next to the shop

рядом магазином

on the left

с лева

on the left of the supermarket

с лева от супермаркета

on the right

с права

on the right of the drugstore

с права от аптеки

Prepositions of movement

English

Russian

across the road

через дорогу

through the wood

через лес

across the river

через реку (вплавь, на лодке)

over the river

через реку (по мосту, по воздуху)

over the fence

через забор

along (down) the street

по улице

down (up) the river

по реке

across the sea

по морю

about the town

по городу

about the room

по комнате

along the corridor

по коридору

about the country

по стране

Prepositions of time

English

Russian

at 6 o’clock

at noon

at midnight (at night)

at sunrise (sunset)

в шесть часов

в полдень

в полночь (ночью)

на восходе солнца (на закате)

in spring

in the morning

in the afternoon

in the evening

весной

утром

днем

вечером

in September

в сентябре

in two hours

через два часа

in 2007

в 2007 году

on Monday

в понедельник

on the 1^st of September

первого сентября

after dinner

после обеда

before entering the institute

перед (до) поступлением в институт

by 5 o’clock

к пяти часам

since morning

с утра

during the holidays

в течение каникул

from ... (morning) till (until) ... (night)

с … (утра) до … (ночи)

Present Simple Tense

(If- clause)

Future Simple Tense

(Principal clause)

If Subject+ do/ does

E.g. If she comes in time,

+

Subject+ shall/will+ do

we shall go to the theatre

Past Simple Tense

(If- clause)

Future- in- the Past

(Principal clause)

If Subject + did

E. g. If she came in time,

+

Subject should/ would +do

we should go to the theatre (сегодня, завтра)

Past Perfect Tense

(If- clause)

Future in the Past + Perfect Tense

(Principal clause)

If Subject + had done

E.g. If she had come in time,

+

Subject should/ would + have done

we should have gone to the theatre (вчера)

Conjunctions: if, unless, in case, as soon as, when, before, after, till (until), while