The article (артикль)

INDEFINITE (неопределенный) A, AN	DEFINITE (определенный) THE
а pen (1-я согласная) an apple (1-я гласная)	the pen the books the meat the rain

F/e: 1. THIS IS A BOOK. THE BOOK IS GOOD.

2. THIS IS _ MILK. THE MILK IS FRESH.

3. LOOK AT THE BLACKBOARD.

4. THIS IS A BIG APPLE.

THE ARTICLES ARE NOT USED!

1. AFTER AND BEFORE PRONOUNS (my, your, his, her, our, their, this, that, these, those) – It’s my a hat. Take that a book.

2. BEFORE UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (liquid, natural phenomenon, abstract matter, substance that must be weighed (flour, sugar, rice etc.) materials) – a water, a rain, an air, a butter.

3. AFTER POSSESSIVE CASE – My father’s a car.

4. AFTER AND BEFORE CARDINAL NUMERAL (one, two etc.) – He has one an English book.

5. AFTER NEGATIVE PRONOUN “NO” – There is no a letter on the table.

6. BEFORE AND AFTER ADJECTIVES – This apple is a big. BUT! This is a big apple.

MODAL VERBS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS (модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты)

PRESENT (настоящее)	PAST (прошедшее)	FUTURE (будущее)
CAN (могу, умею) F/e: I can read.	COULD F/e: I could read when I was 5 years old.	SHALL BE ABLE TO WILL BE ABLE TO F/e: I will be able to swim next summer.
MAY (могу, имею разрешение) F/e: May I come in?	MIGHT F/e: He might go home when he had written the task.	SHALL BE ALLOWED TO WILL BE ALLOWED TO F/e: John will be allowed to go abroad in few days.
MUST (должен, вынужден)) F/e: You must learn the rules! I am to go there. – должен, предстоит, (договорились, или такое расписание)	HAD TO F/e: I had to copy the text twice. I was to go there.- предстояло	SHALL HAVE TO WILL HAVE TO F/e: We will have to read the book again.
SHOULD (следует) F/e: Jane should go to the library.
OUGHT TO (следует) F/e: Pete ought to buy this book.

The passive voice (страдательный залог)

	PRESENT	PAST	FUTURE	FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
INDEFINITE be + P II (Participle II)	am is told are	was told were told	shall be told will be told	should be told would be told
CONTINUOUS be + being P II	am is being told are	was being told were being told	________	_______
PERFECT have been P II	have been told has been told	had been told	shall have been told will have been told	should have been told would have been told

TYPES OF QUESTIONS (типы вопросов)

________________________________________________

1. GENERAL Question (общий вопрос)

F/e: ARE YOU A STUDENT? - Yes, I am.

DO YOU WORK? – No, I do not (don’t).

DO YOU LIKE ENGLISH? – Yes, I do.

2. ALTERNATIVE Question (альтернативный вопрос)

F/e: ARE YOU A STUDENT OR A DOCTOR? – I am a student.

DO YOU WORK OR STUDY? – I work.

DO YOU LIKE ENGLISH OR FRENCH? – I like English.

3. SPECIAL Question (специальный вопрос)

WHO? – КТО?

WHAT? – ЧТО? КАКОЙ?

WHOSE? – ЧЕЙ?

WHOM? – КОМУ? КОГО?

WHERE? – ГДЕ?

WHEN? – КОГДА?

WHAT COLOR? – КАКОГО ЦВЕТА?

WHAT KIND OF? – КАКОГО ВИДА? КАКОЙ?

WHICH? – КОТОРЫЙ?

HOW? – КАК?

HOW MANY (HOW MUCH)? – СКОЛЬКО?

F/e: WHAT ARE YOU? – I am a student.

WHERE DO YOU WORK? – I work in the office.

WHAT LANGUAGE DO YOU LIKE? – I like English.

4. DISJUNCTIVE Question (разделительный вопрос)

F/e: You are a student, aren’t you? – Yes, I am.

You work, don’t you? – Yes, I do.

You don’t work, do you? – No, I don’t.

Present Continuous Tense (Настоящее длительное время)

Форма образование: to be (am, is, are) +V_ing

1. I am working at the moment.

2. He is not (isn’t) working.

3. Are you writing a letter now?

Present Continuous Tense употребляется:

1. Для выражения длительного действия, совершающегося в момент речи:

He is reading a book. Don’t make any noise, he is sleeping.

2. Для выражения длительного действия, совершающегося в настоящий период времени, хотя и не обязательно в момент речи:

He is writing a new play.

3. Для выражения будущего длительного действия в обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях условия и времени, которое вводятся союзами if, when, while, etc.

If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up, please.

4. Для выражения будущего действия, когда выражается намерение совершить действие или уверенность в его совершении:

He is taking his examination on Friday.

NOTE: Не употребляющиеся глаголы в во временах группы Continuous:

1. Глаголы выражающие чувственные восприятия:

to see – видеть to feel – чувствовать

to smell – нюхать, пахнуть to hear – слышать

to taste – пробовать на вкус, иметь вкус

2. Глаголы выражающие эмоциональное состояние:

   to envy – завидовать to like - нравиться to love - любить

   to fear – бояться to prefer - предпочитать

   to hope – надеяться to regret – сожалеть to hate – ненавидеть

3. Глаголы выражающие умственное состояние:

to believe – верить to consider – считать to recognize – узнавать to suppose – предполагать

to know – знать to forget – забывать to notice – замечать to think – думать

to mean – иметь в виду to remember – помнить to understand - понимать to imagine – представлять