Mstislave Keldysh

М. Keldysh, a prominent Soviet scientist, was born on February 10 1911 in Riga, into a family of a professor of Polytechnic Institute. The talent of Keldysh found expression in his fundamental works of research into the problems of mathematics, mechanics, physics. His name is linked with a number of scientific problems on the exploration of outer space.

Academician Keldysh made a valuable contribution in the development of computation mathematics, computing machines and the solution of a number of problems of automated control.

He received the Doctor of Science Degree in 1938. Five years later he was elected a cor­responding Member of the Academy of Sciences. He became President of the Academy in 1961.

M. Keldysh was awarded several orders and other decorations.

Text 8

Enviromental protection

The poisoning of the land, air and water is the disease of civilization. So our planet may soon become uninhabitable.

Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone holes, acid rains and the global warming. It is believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect.

The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison, industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. Air pollution is a very serious problem. Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substances. These emissions lead to the greenhouse effect and acid rains.

Nuclear power stations are also very dangerous. We also know about the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster.

Now people begin to understand the importance of the environmental protection. And that many problems can be solved only by the joint efforts of the world community. It is also necessary to develop an international program to protect the environment.

So people take part in different green parties and organizations. Perhaps they will be able to avoid the disaster that threatens the world.

Vocabulary

environmental protection — защита окружающей среды

to poison ['poi'zn] — отравлять

disease [di'ziz] — болезнь

flood [fld] — наводнение

trend — тенденция

uninhabitable [nin'hæbitэbl] — непригодный для жизни

overpopulation - перенаселение

pollution [pэ'lu:n] — загрязнение

consumption [kэn'smpn] — потребление

deforestation [difori'stein] — обезлесение

acid rains ['æsid] — кислотные дожди

greenhouse effect [i'fekt] — парниковый эффект

industrial and nuclear ['nju:kliэ] waste — промышленные и ядерные отходы

fertilizer [fэ:tilaizэ] — удобрение

pesticide ['pestisaid] — пестицид

to die out — вымирать

to emit [i'mit] — выбрасывать

emission [i'min] — выброс

consequence ['konsikwэns] — последствие

threat [ret] — угроза

I. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1) What is the disease of civilization?

2) What problems have overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption created?

3) What is happening to the seas and rivers?

4) Are a lot of animals dying out?

5) Is air pollution a serious problem? Why?

6) What were the tragic consequences of the Chernobyl disaster?

7) What do people of different countries do to save our planet?

8) Have you heard of Greenpeace?

9) What is necessary to do to protect the environment?

II. Переведите на русский язык, учитывая особенности перевода определений, выраженных именем существительным.

Planet-wide overpopulation problems, harmful emission consequence, tragic Chernobyl disaster consequences, industrial enterprises harmful substances, greenhouse effect trend, the North Sea poisoning trend, chemical fertilizers and pesticides threat discussion.

III. Переведите на русский язык.

Помните:

affect, v - воздействовать;

effect, v - осуществлять, выполнять, производить;

effect, п - действие, влияние, эффект, следствие.

1) The Greenhouse effect on the human life on earth is studied by scientists.

2) The global warming is affected by pollution, industrial and nuclear waste, overpopulation.

3) The effect of «ozone holes» is closely connected with the earth's climate.

4) All test emissions are effected in the laboratories.

5) Environmental protection affecting the quality of human life is of great importance.

IV. Переведите на русский язык

1) Poisoning of the land, air and water leads to the dangerous decease of civilization.

2) Poisoning of the land, air and water people must think of the dangerous consequences.

3) Overpopulation, pollution, energy consumption is known to have created massive deforestation, ozone holes, acid rains.

4) The global warming is believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect.

5) Environmental protection must become a very serious problem.

6) The tragic consequences of the Chernobyl disaster must have become one of the serious questions of the conference.

7) Nuclear power stations seem to be an ever greater environmental threat.

8) We know industrial enterprises to emit tons of harmful substances.

9) The seas reported to be in danger are filled with poison.

V. Ответьте на вопросы.

Пример: What is one of the most important problems for mankind now? (the problem of pollution and ecology).

The problem of pollution and ecology is one of the most important problems for mankind now.

1) What problem is becoming a global problem? (the problem of air and water pollution).

2) What makes it possible to eliminate air and water pollution? (scientific knowledge and technological advance, good will and large investments).

3) What are scientists in industrially developed countries currently working on? (the theory of interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic global processes).

4) What factors are slowly changing the global climate and water balance? (the growth of population, use of resources and industrialization).

5) What actions are necessary to take to deal successfully with the problem of protecting the environment in the world? (planning, developing international programs to study ecological data, joint efforts of scientists and special public organizations).