1. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания.

malt and soft drink industries; desirable options in waste management; utilization of by-products; spent process water; food approval and safety; large amounts of generated wastes and effluents; removal of suspended solids; elimination of colloids; pre-treatment; to generate high volume of wastewater and solid wastes

2. Запомните значения следующих слов и словосочетаний.

ecology – экология; наука, изучающая взаимоотношения живых существ (осо-бенно человека) и окружающей среды; охрана окружающей среды

environment [in'vaiərənmənt] – окружение, окружающая среда, окружающая обстановка

human environment – среда обитания человека

environmental protection (management) – охрана окружающей среды

3. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

industrial ecology, chemical ecology, theoretical ecology, plant ecology; environmental changes, environmental sciences, environmental impact, environmental engineer, environmental hazards

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ECOLOGY IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Food and drink industry is one of the most important industry sectors. The principal sectors in the food industry are the meat processing, bakery, dairy, and malt and soft drinks industries.

However, food industry produces large amounts of waste that are usually not hazardous, but mostly they are of biodegradable origin. Beside, many of the sub-branches also produce large amounts of effluent water with high chemical oxygen demanding substances.

The avoidance of waste formation and pollution is always a key task, but on the other hand, waste prevention, minimization and valorization, and the use of energy efficient process technologies are more and more desirable options in waste management as these streams from food industry are usually rich in valuable compounds (e.g. oils, sugars, antioxidants, etc.). The controlling of raw material, water and energy use, as well the utilization of by-products and reducing the effluent discharge lead towards the realization of industrial ecology in food industry.

Recycling preservation of embedded utilities and the design of a product to create other useful are sometimes carried out in the case of packaging materials and spent process water, but one should always consider food approval and safety in first respect. Waste prevention measures include prevention, reduction at source and re-use of products, while waste minimization also includes waste management measures, the quality improvements (e.g. reducing of hazards) and recycling.

Technologies for waste prevention and minimization

Waste prevention and minimization are key issues in food industry because of the large amounts of wastes and effluents usually generated.

Technologies for solid waste treatment can be divided into:

• Pre–treatment technologies: mechanical separation, sorting, screening, pressing and drying

• Final treatment: composting, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, incineration and dumping.

Technologies for wastewater treatment include:

• pre-treatment: mechanical separation of coarse particles

• primary treatment: removal of suspended solids by physical or physical-chemical treatment. Also includes neutralization, stripping and removal of oil and grease.

• secondary treatment: elimination of colloids from wastewater by chemical or biological processes.

• tertiary treatment: physical and chemical processes to eliminate defined pollutants such as phosphate, ammonia, heavy metals, etc.

• The main technologies of wastewater include:

• mechanical treatment: that leads to the separation of wastewater components due to particle size or density differences to water. These are usually coarse, floating or sedimenting particles and liquid layers like oil or grease films.

• Biological treatment.

• Physical-chemical treatment.

Agro-food industry generates high volume of wastewater and high amounts of solid waste that causes environmental problems and means cost for companies in terms that it has to be managed. The focus should always be on prevention, as it is always more economic to prevent and reduce waste than to clean it up.

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Образуйте глаголы от следующих слов и переведите их.

avoidance, prevention, management, utilization, recycling, approval, treatment, digestion, stripping, sedimenting

2. Укажите номера синонимичных пар.

1. drink, 2. processing, 3. hazardous, 4. amount, 5. generate, 6. screening, 7. dump,

8. eliminate

1. produce, 2. quantity, 3. sifting, 4. treatment, 5. discharge, 6. beverage, 7. reduce,

8. harmful

3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. What are the main tasks in food industry ecology? 2. What is the difference between waste prevention and waste minimization? 3. What forms are the wastes in?

4. What are the main technologies of wastewater? 5. What is more profitable to prevent and reduce wastes or to clean them up? Why? What do you think?

4. Укажите номера пропущенных слов в следующих предложениях и переведите их.

1. Food industry produce large quantities of … . 2. A key task is to avoid … . 3. The realization of industrial ecology can be carried out by means of …, the utilization of … . 4. The wastes of food industry are sometimes rich in … . 5. The main problem in food industry ecology is … . 6. Waste minimization concerns waste management measures, … and recycling. 7. It is possible to realize the preservation of … . 8. Food industry produces large amounts of wastes that bring about … .

1. the controlling of raw material and water; by-products; 2. food approval and safety; 3. hazardous wastes; 4. the quality improvements; 5. pollution; 6. valuable compounds; 7. embedded utilities 8. environmental problems