4. Find in the text and read out English equivalents of these words and word-combinations.

Неочищенная нефть; попутный газ; легкая неочищенная нефть; тяжелая неочищенная нефть; низкая плотность; малая вязкость; высокая вязкость; легко течь; плавать на поверхности воды; опускаться на дно; низкое содержание парафина; высокое содержание серы; добывать нефть; качать нефть; транспортировать нефть; перерабатывать нефть; бензин; дизельное топливо; различия между легкой и тяжелой нефтью; физические свойства; развитие нефтяной промышленности; методы добычи и транспортировки нефти; снизить негативное влияние на окружающую среду; нефтепромысел; большое месторождение тяжелой нефти; большое количество нефти было обнаружено; незначительная глубина месторождения нефти; разведка и добыча нефти; низкая себестоимость добычи.

5. Answer the following questions.

1. What is crude oil?

2. What classifications for crude oil do you know?

3. What properties does light crude oil have?

4. What properties does heavy crude oil have?

5. What special challenges do production, transportation, and refining of heavy crude oil present?

6. Why do many refineries prefer to work with light crude oil?

7. Are specialized techniques being developed for exploration and production of heavy oil? Why?

6. React to the statements (true or false).

1. Crude oil formed over million of years from clay minerals.

2. Oil is a black viscous product which consists of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and oxygen.

3. Most of the compounds found in oil are composed of nitrogen and sulphur.

4. Crude oil comes in many forms. It can be black, green, red or brown.

5. Physical – chemical properties of oil include density, viscosity, freezing temperature, percentage of wax and sulphur content.

6. Heavy crude oil has high density and viscosity, which makes it easier to pump and transport.

7. Light crude is crude oil which has a low percentage of wax.

8. Light crude oil is so dense that it sinks, rather than floats, in water.

9. Because the resources of heavy oil in the world are large many refineries prefer to work with it.

10. Physical properties that differ between heavy crude oils and lighter grades include depth of oil fields and production costs.

11. Specialized techniques are being developed for exploration and production of heavy crude oil because with current methods, heavy crudes have a severe environmental impact.

7. Match the terms and their definitions.

fossil fuel petroleum crude oil natural gas hydrocarbon light crude oil heavy crude oil oil production oil refining

liquid petroleum that is found accumulated in various porous rock formations in Earth’s crust and is extracted for burning as fuel or for processing into chemical products. colourless, highly flammable gaseous hydrocarbon consisting primarily of methane and ethane. It is a type of petroleum that commonly occurs in association with crude oil. complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occur in the Earth in liquid, gaseous, or solid forms, it is believed to have formed from animal and vegetable debris crude oil with an API gravity less than 20°, it has high density and viscosity and does not flow easily. materials of biological origin occurring within the Earth’s crust that can be used as a source of energy conversion of crude oil into useful products such as gasoline or diesel fuel a class of organic chemical compounds composed only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). recovery of crude oil and, often, associated natural gas from the Earth. liquid petroleum that has a low viscosity and low wax content, and flows easily at room temperature.