Some, any, no (и их производные), none, much, many, little, few, all, both, either, neither, each, every (и его производные), other, one

some

несколько

какой-то

someone

somebody

некто, кто-то

something

что-то, нечто

somewhere

где-то, куда-то

any

какой-нибудь

anyone

anybody

кто-нибудь

anything

что-нибудь

anywhere

где-нибудь

no

никакой

nobody

no one

никто

nothing

ничто

nowhere

нигде, никуда

1) Have you got … lessons tomorrow

morning?

2) There are … books on the shelf.

3) We haven’t got … coffee in the office.

4) Come to my place. I have … tasty cakes.

5) … doctors can help us.

6) Let’s buy … apples.

7) Give me … time to think about it.

8) Have you got … letters from your

friend?

9) Can I have … coffee, please?

10) Sorry, but I really have … money.

1) Have you got any money with you?

2) Put the books somewhere on the shelf.

3) I think he knows something about the

newcomer.

4) There is somebody at the door.

5) Did you tell anyone about it?

6) Can I have some paper?

7) You made some mistakes in your test. 8) Anyone can learn foreign languages.

9) No one can help me in this situation.

10) I have never met him anywhere.

1) Put … files on my desk, please.

2) Could you lend me … money, please?

3) Let’s take … bus 10.

4) Let’s take … 10 bus.

5) Haven’t you got … assistants?

6) I can’t see … catalogues.

7) I’ve got … apple in my bag.

8) Mr. Smith is … famous lawyer.

9) She isn’t in … office at … moment.

10) I’ve got … news.

11) Miss Adams is … his cousin.

12) I haven’t got … sugar at home.

13) She is at … school till five.

14) Have you got … vegetables?

15) She can give us … example.

16) … lesson is useful.

17) … old man is my colleague.

18) Could you give me …. clean paper?

19) Can I have … juice?

20) You can have … look at … models.

Перед исчисляемыми существительными

many

много

few

мало

a few

несколько

books, students, dollars, stars, meters, towns …

Перед неисчисляемыми существительными

much

много

little

мало

a little

немного

(может употребляться самостоятельно)

coffee, salt, bread, knowledge, silver, attention, money …

1) There aren’t (много) large factories in this

town.

2) You have (несколько) mistakes in

spelling.

3) Could you give me (немного) milk,

please?

4) Does she spend (много) money on

clothes?

5) I need (немного) time to think it over.

6) We have (мало ) water left.

7) There isn’t (много) snow on the ground.

8) There were (мало) people on the bus.

9) How (много) time do you spend on your

English every day?

10) She doesn’t drink (много) coffee.

11) (несколько) people were seen in the

distance.

12) I’m tired (немного).

1) … hands make light work.

2) Only … of my classmates can speak

English well.

3) The secretary hasn’t got … free time.

4) Can we have too … of a good thing?

5) … knowledge is a dangerous thing.

6) … laws but … justice.

7) He is lucky, he has … problems.

8) … with quiet is the diet.

9) … drinking … thinking.

10) If you have … friends you probably

have … time.

1) Она пьет слишком много кофе.

2) Я хочу купить немного молока.

3) Несколько лет назад у меня была

машина.

4) В капусте мало соли.

5) Я получаю много писем каждый день.

6) Мало кто знает, что он был моряком.

7) Ты спишь слишком мало.

6) У нас разве мало еды в

холодильнике?

7) Дети должны есть много фруктов.

8) Я немного устал.

9) На полке стояло несколько книг.

10) – Можешь мне одолжить немного

денег? – Извини, у меня с собой

мало денег.

ГЛАГОЛ

ГЛАГОЛЫ “BE”, “DO”, “HAVE”

Время

Present

Past

Future

Participles

Местои-

мения

Глаголы

I

He

She

It

We You They

I

He She

It

We

You

They

I

He, She, It,

We, You,They

Participle 1

для всех местоимений

Participle 2

для всех местоимений

to be

am

is

are

was

were

’ll be

being

been

to do

do

does

do

did

did

’ll do

doing

done

to have

have

has

have

had

had

’ll have

having

had

+

-

Am I ready?

Yes, you are.

No, you are not (aren’t).

Are you ready?

Yes, I am.

No, I am not.

Is he ready?

Yes, he is.

No, he is not (isn’t).

Is she ready?

Yes, she is.

No, she is not (isn’t).

Is it ready?

Yes, it is.

No, it is not (isn’t).

Are we ready?

Yes, we are.

No, we are not (aren’t).

Are they ready?

Yes, they are.

No, they are not (aren’t).

Where is he?

He is at work.

Why are you here?

I am invited.

+

-

Do I do morning exercises?

Yes, you do.

No, you do not (don’t).

Do you do morning exercises?

Yes, I do.

No, I do not (don’t).

Does he do morning exercises?

Yes, he does.

No, he does not (doesn’t).

Does she do morning exercises?

Yes, she does.

No, she does not (doesn’t).

Does it do morning exercises?

Yes, it does.

No, it does not (doesn’t).

Do we do morning exercises?

Yes, you do.

No, you do not (don’t).

Do they do morning exercises?

Yes, they do.

No, they do not (don’t).

When do you do morning exercises?

At 7 a. m.

Where do you do morning exercises?

In my room.

Why do you do morning exercises?

To keep fit.

be

have

do

I am not

I have not (haven’t) / I don’t have

I do not (don’t) do

You are not (aren’t)

You have not (haven’t) / You don’t have

You do not (don’t) do

He is not (isn’t)

He has not (hasn’t) / He doesn’t have

He does not (doesn’t) do

She is not (isn’t)

She has not (hasn’t) / She doesn’t have

She does not (doesn’t) do

It is not (isn’t)

It has not (hasn’t) / It doesn’t have

It does not (doesn’t) do

We are not (aren’t)

We have not (haven’t) / We don’t have

We do not (don’t) do

They are not (aren’t)

They have not (haven’t) / They don’t have

They do not (don’t) do

1) I … a student.

2) You … a teacher.

3) Mr. Ash … a policeman.

4) Mary … a schoolgirl.

5) The man … on the train.

6) We … students.

7) What … you?

8) Who … he?

9) How ... you?

10) I … Mr. Clark.

11) What … Henry?

12) What … I?

13) Who … you?

14) Who … I?

15) … I a student?

16) … he a student?

17) … she a doctor?

18) … they waiters?

19) … you all waiters?

20) … I a teacher?

21) … you Mr. Brown?

22) … you Mrs. Jones?

23) … he Mr. Kent?

24) There … one mountain in the picture.

25) There … three pencils on the table.

26) There … fifteen students in the class.

27) … there only one person in the picture?

28) Yes, there … only one.

1) It on my bill. (+)

2) It fine. (-)

3) He busy. (?)

4) She pleased. (?/-)

5) My friend in Moscow now. (-)

6) She in. (?)

7) His test simple. (+)

8) Ben on my list (-)

9) It ten. (?)

10) It easy. (?)

11) Tom sleepy. (-)

12) Kate only five. (?/-)

1) You … very well.

2) When … you … that exercise?

3) How … you …?

4) You must … as well as you can.

5) I … like eggs and bacon.

6) What … you … in your spare time?

7) … you speak Dutch?

8) Hob … not … anything unless he has

to.

9) Lucille … not like brandy, and neither …

Olaf and Jan.

10) He … quite well at the exam yesterday.

11) He … the shopping in the family last

week.

12) What … the cook … ?

13) When in Rome … as the Romans ….

14) … he … his best to help his friend?

1) Her brother … curly hair.

2) A triangle … three sides.

3) … you … eggs and bacon for breakfast every morning?

4) He … a letter by the morning post.

5) They … an English lesson every day next term.

6) They … a lot of trouble with their car last year.

7) She … a lot of money.

8) She … an enjoyable time at the dance last Saturday.

9) Frieda … a bad cold.

10) … you been to France?

11) What … he been doing all these years?

12) They … just arrived.

13) … you … everything you want?

14) He … not … a job when I last saw him.

1) He has got a good salary. (Общий

вопрос)

2) There are nine students in our group.

3) John is a teacher.

4) Ann has got a few pets at home.

5) Children have got two teeth at this age.

6) This is Karla’s uncle.

7) Tom and Mary are very tired now.

8) You are in London now.

9) There is some tea in my cup. (Общий

вопрос)

10) You have got many friends because you

are kind and communicative.

1) This hotel was built last year.

2) Have you any pets at home?

3) She was listening to music at 5 o’clock.

4) Do you speak Chinese?

5) Did you do your hair yourself?

6) They had a nice Siberian cat last year.

7) They do not like to get up early.

8) He is in Turkey right now.

9) You don’t remember, he did visit them

last year.

10) Have you ever been to Finland?

11) Who did this translation?

12) They have been building this house for

two years.

13) She’ll be far away from here tomorrow.

14) They are to leave home at five.

15) She goes to live in Greece. She has to

learn Greek.

16) Do you have to get up at six o’clock?

17) Do you have any spare time?

18) Has he got any English books at home?

СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЁН

PRESENT SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)

Число

Лицо

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Единственное

1

I set my alarm clock for 6:00 a.m. on weekdays.

I do not (don’t) set it on weekends.

2

You come to class every day.

But you do not (don’t) come on time.

3

He asks questions in biology class. She speaks German fluently.

The math class (it) confuses him.

But he does not (doesn’t) ask questions in math class.

But she does not (doesn’t) speak English very well. But it does not (doesn’t) confuse me.

Множественное

1

We understand your problem.

We do not (don’t) understand John’s problem.

2

You play golf every Saturday.

You do not (don’t) play golf on weekdays.

3

They usually study in the library.

They do not (don’t) study at home.

+

-

Do I get up early?

Yes, you do

No, you do not (don’t).

Do you get up early?

Yes, I do.

No, I do not (don’t).

Does he get up early?

Yes, he does.

No, he does not (doesn’t).

Does she get up early?

Yes, she does.

No, she does not (doesn’t).

Does it ( a dog) get up early?

Yes, it does.

No, it does not (doesn’t).

Do we get up early?

Yes, you do.

No, you do not (don’t).

Do they get up early?

Yes, they do.

No, they do not (don’t).

When do you get up?

I get up at 7 a.m.

Why does he get up early?

He gets up early because he lives far from his work.

How do you like it?

I like it a lot.

Where does he study?

He studies at the Academy.

100 % времени - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 % времени

always usually frequently often sometimes seldom hardly ever rarely never

- read a newspaper - do the laundry - do morning

exercises

- eat breakfast

- have guests

- go to work

- walk to classes - drive to classes

- cook breakfast

- tidy up (dust, wash,

sweep, clean)

- talk to friends - do the shopping - jog

- take a shower

- do homework

- watch television - go to the cinema

- wash up

- go out in the

evening

1) They use the computer every day.

2) I wash my clothes every weekend.

3) You ask questions in class every day.

4) We need some money.

5) I want a new mobile phone.

6) They often go to the cafeteria.

7) You have a big problem.

8) We do our homework after dinner.

9) You speak Arabic and English.

10) The lake is beautiful.

1) What do students do at the Academy?

2) What does an ideal student do?

3) What does your English teacher do at

the Academy?

4) What do your friends usually do in the

evenings?

5) What do you like doing at weekends?

6) When do you prefer to have holidays?

7) You have a pet at home, don’t you?

8) Why don’t you take part in the students’

conference?

9) You are often busy, aren’t you?

10) Have you got a fascinating hobby?

11) Your family is large, isn’t it?

1) come, Peter, time, to, doesn’t, class,

always, in.

2) he, his, the, job, morning, begins, early,

in.

3) the child, does, play, where, every

afternoon?

4) visit, she, to, Caracas, wants.

5) often, in, in, rains, this, it, autumn,

region.

6) little, stamps, my, collects, brother.

7) are, stories, many, book, there, this,

interesting, in.

8) o’clock, at, plane, ten, leaves, the.

9) exercises, like, the, to, boys, practice,

don’t, English.

10) you, in, use, do, your, often, books,

class?

11) lunch, he, in, every, cafeteria, day, the,

eats.

12) here, area, it, because, often, of,

snows, the, location.

13) on, I, the, tenth, work, floor.

14) well, feel, today, I, don’t.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS)

Число

Лицо

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Единственное

1

I am writing

I am not writing.

2

You are writing

You are not writing

3

He is writing

She is writing

It (the sun) is rising

He is not writing

She is not writing

It (the sun) is not rising

Множественное

1

We are writing

We are not writing

2

You are writing

You are not writing

3

They are writing

They are not writing

+

-

Am I writing?

Yes, you are.

No, you are not (aren’t).

Are you writing?

Yes, I am.

No, I am not.

Is he writing?

Yes, he is.

No, he is not (isn’t).

Is she writing?

Yes, she is.

No, she is not (isn’t).

Is it (the sun) rising?

Yes, it is.

No, it is not (isn’t).

Are we writing?

Yes, we are.

No, we are not (aren’t).

Are they writing?

Yes, they are.

No, they are not (aren’t).

Where are you going?

I’m going to the library.

What is he doing?

He is writing a letter.

When are they coming?

They are coming at 7 p.m.

1) He eats in the cafeteria every day.

2) She regularly calls her grandparents.

3) Bob reads a newspaper every morning.

4) We often practice grammar.

5) I usually sit in the front row.

6) My parents watch television every

evening.

7) We do grammar exercises in class every

day.

1) He is reading a newspaper.

2) Your grandparents are skiing in the

park.

3) Your friend is taking a math exam at the

moment. (What exam?)

4) I am calling my friend now.

5) We are basking in the sun on the beach.

(Where?)

6) She is getting ready for the exam at home.

(Where?)

7) Your parents are watching television now.

(What?)

1) What are you going to do tonight?

2) What are you planning to do tomorrow?

3) When are you seeing your best friend?

4) When are you going to learn English?

5) Who are you meeting after work today?

6) Are you having guests tonight?

7) What are you going to wear for the New

Year party?

8) What are you going to do after you

graduate from the Academy?

9) Is your friend coming back from Italy next

week?

1) - Что она обычно делает по вечерам?

- Она обычно читает или слушает

радио.

2) Аня сейчас шьет себе платье. Она

всю одежду шьет себе сама.

3) Библиотекарь: “Вы много читаете?” –

Посетитель: “Да. Довольно много.”

4) - Вы видите где-нибудь мои папки?

- Нет, не вижу. Я их как раз ищу.

5) - Почему Вы так быстро идете?

6) Я никого не жду.

7) Говорите громче, я не понимаю, что вы

говорите.

8) Обычно июль у нас теплый, а в этом

году он очень холодный.

9) - Что у вас обычно на завтрак?”

- Я обычно ем бутерброд и выпиваю

чашку кофе.

10) Пойдем гулять, сейчас нет дождя.

11) - Вы слышите что-нибудь?

- Я слушаю, но ничего не слышу.

12) Что обозначает это слово?

13) Ты видишь того человека там?

1) Jerry and Michael are working very hard

now.

2) They work very hard every day.

3) We study in the library on Tuesdays.

4) They are speaking clearly now.

5) I read newspapers every morning.

6) He enjoys his English classes.

7) The car is working now.

1) Do you smoke?

2) Does he drive a car?

3) Is she washing up?

4) Are you listening to me?

5) Do they go to Egypt every summer?

6) Does he dance?

7) Is he dancing now?

8) Do you speak English?

9) Are you speaking English now?

10) Is he listening to music now?

1. I usually (to enjoy) parties but I (not to enjoy) this one very much.

2. George says he’s 80 years old but I (not to believe) him.

3. Robert (to speak) just now to my uncle, and they (to shake) hands.

4. I always (to write) him on his birthday. You (to want) to send any message?

5. - Where (to be) Kitty?

Susan (to put) her to bed. You (to hear) her singing to the baby?

6. Actions (to speak) louder than words.

7. Every star (to have) its own orbit.

8. She is very sick. That’s why she always (to take) some medicine.

9. I often (to stay) with my parents in the evenings.

10. Why (to be) Nick at home today? (to be) he ill?

11. You (to be) usually so kind.

12. - Can you drive?

- No, I can’t but I (to learn). My father (to

teach) me.

13. - Can you hear?

- No, I (not to hear) anything.

14. Ron is in London at the moment. He (to stay) at the Hilton Hotel. He usually (to stay) at the Hilton Hotel when he is in London.

15. - (to be) lunch ready, mom? I (to be) hungry and I (to have) little time.

16. Planes (to travel) more quickly than trains?

17. He (to laugh) best, who (to laugh) last.

18. - Where (to be) Ted?

- He (to have) lunch. He always (to

have) it at this time.

19. What you (to think) about?

20) We usually (to grow) vegetables in our

garden but this year we (not to grow)

any.

PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)

Неопределенная форма глагола (инфинитив)

Past Simple

в утвердительной

форме

Past Simple

в вопроси-

тельной форме

Past Simple

в отрицательной

форме

to see

I saw

Did I see?

I did not (didn’t) see

to study

I

to work

He

to land

She

to walk

It

to know

We

to think

You

to come

They

1) She (to study) biology last night.

2) I (not to work) in the library yesterday.

3) Charles Babbage (to design) the first

computer in 1834.

4) But he (not to build) it.

5) Jerome (not to want) to study last night.

6) But he (to want) to see a movie.

7) The Chinese (to develop) paper in the

second century B.C.

1) Did you visit your relatives in

Vladivostok when you were on

holidays? (No / in Moscow)

2) Did you have time to tidy up the flat?

(No / only the sitting room)

3) Did your friend surprise you on your

birthday? (No / my parents)

4) Did you go to the swimming pool last

weekend? (No / to the gym)

5) Did you phone your parents last night?

(No / my grandparents)

6) Did you go shopping after classes? (No /

at the weekend)

1) She came to London in a car 2 days ago.

2) They all understood the lesson

yesterday.

3) She said she liked learning English last

year.

4) He walked to his work yesterday.

5) They studied at home last month.

6) He thought about going to Paris last year.

7) The spaceship landed in 1967.

PRESENT PERFECT

Число

Лицо

Утвердительная форма

Единственное

1

I have

+ причастие прошедшего времени смыслового глагола

a) от правильных глаголов причастие оканчивается на -ed:

We have just arrived.

b) от неправильных глаголов причастия представлены в 3 колонке таблицы:

He has been to Paris many times.

2

You have

3

He has

She has

It (the sun) has

Множественное

1

We have

2

You have

3

They have

+

-

Have I finished my project?

Yes, you have.

No, you haven’t.

Have you finished your project?

Yes, I have.

No, I haven’t.

Has he finished his project?

Yes, he has.

No, he hasn’t.

Has she finished her project?

Yes, she has.

No, she hasn’t.

Has it (a dog) finished its meal?

Yes, it has.

No, it hasn’t.

Have we finished our project?

Yes, we have.

No, we haven’t.

Have they finished their project?

Yes, they have.

No, they haven’t.

What have you finished?

We have finished the project.

Where have you been?

I have been to Moscow.

Why has he applied to this job?

Because he likes it.

Мы поели в столовой сегодня.

Кто поел в столовой сегодня?

We have eaten in the cafeteria today.

Who have eaten in the cafeteria today?

1) She caught the flu last year.

2) She fell in love last year.

3) They had some problems last year.

4) You came to class late last year.

5) I saw a lot of films last year.

6) We spent a lot of money on clothes last

year.

7) She visited Canada last year.

8) She studied a lot in the library last year.

1) Cynthia (to become) an expert driver

yet.

2) Ed (to say) a word yet.

3) He (to lose) a lot of weight this year.

4) I (to live) in this house yet.

5) She (to forget) about her promise.

6) We (to see) each other since 2000.

7) We (to be) here yet.

8) They don’t understand you. They (to

study) French yet.

1) What have you bought this week?

2) What have you done today?

3) Where have you travelled this year?

4) How many courses have you taken this

year?

5) Who have you talked to today?

6) How many letters have you written this

month?

7) Who has known you the longest?

8) What film have you seen recently?

FUTURE SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)

+

-

Shall I help you with your work?

Yes, please.

No, thank you.

Will you come to the party?

Yes, I will (shall).

No I won’t (shan’t).

Will he meet her?

Yes, he will.

No, he won’t.

Will she take the exam?

Yes, she will.

No, she won’t.

Will it go to bed after the meal?

Yes, it will.

No, it won’t.

Shall we dance?

Yes, you will.

No, you won’t.

Will they come to meet us?

Yes, they will.

No, they won’t.

When will you come to see us?

Next Sunday.

Where will you go next summer?

To India.

What will you do next weekend?

Oh, nothing special.

1) She drove across the country last year.

2) Bob studied at the University last year.

3) I flew to Europe last year.

4) He played soccer last year.

5) They took a history course last year.

6) We paid a lot in taxes last year.

7) They worked in the cafeteria last year.

8) We often went to the theatre last year.

- to spend summer vacation

- to go to Turkey (Europe, Spain)

- to take the Italian (French) language

course

- to go to work as an au pair

(поехать работать няней)

- to stay and relax at the dacha

- to go to the Black sea (the White sea)

- to sunbathe

- to swim

- to play outdoor games

- to laze away days

1) The population of the world …

2) The country with the largest

population…

3) The largest city in the world…

4) The largest city in our country …

5) The average life span of men in our

country…

6) The average life span of women in our

country …

7) The most common source of fuel …

8) The most common source of

transportation …

9) The favourite pastime …

10) The most popular ways of keeping fit

…

КОНСТРУКЦИЯ “THERE BE”

+

There is a good reading room in our college.

-

There is no reading room in our college.

?

Is

there a reading room in your college?

(общий вопрос)

?

How many reading rooms

are

there in your college? (специальный вопрос)

1) There is no doubt about it.

2) There is many a slip between the cup

and the lip.

3) There is no smoke without fire.

4) Where there is a will, there is a way.

5) There is no use crying over spilt milk.

6) There are limits to human endurance.

7) There is no place like home.

1) … someone at the door.

2) … two large windows in the room.

3) … nobody in the room now.

4) … twelve months in a year.

5) … anything in your pocket?

6) How many students … in your group?

7) … mice in here.

8) … circus in Petrozavodsk.

9) … a good film on TV tonight.

10) … any news?

1) A lot of trees are in the park.

2) Two strange men are in Mr. Smith’s

office.

3) Only one window is in the room.

4) A mailbox is on the corner.

5) Two tickets are waiting for you at the

box office.

6) A dog is in the garden.

7) Two children are playing on your front

lawn.

8) Several people are waiting to see Dr.

Jones.

9) The report is on the desk.

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

Значения:

Can – мочь, уметь

Could - прошедшее время

May – мочь

Might – прошедшее время

• физическая или умственная способность

He can read Arabic.

Он умеет читать по-арабски.

---

• возможность

He can win the race.

Он может выиграть гонку.

He may be in the library.

Он, возможно, в библиотеке.

• разрешение

You can borrow my car.

Ты можешь взять мою машину.

You may use my phone.

Ты можешь воспользоваться моим телефоном.

• просьба

Could I borrow your book?

Можно мне взять вашу книгу?

May I have a cup of tea?

Можно мне чашку чая?

• предложение услуги

What can I do for you?

Что я для вас могу сделать?

---

• запрет

You can’t (cannot) smoke here.

Здесь нельзя курить.

---

can = to be able to

may = to be allowed to

Present

He is able to win the race. Он способен выиграть гонку.

They are allowed to smoke.

Им разрешают курить.

Past

He was able to win the race.

Он смог выиграть гонку.

They were allowed to attend the club.

Им разрешили посетить клуб.

Future

He will be able to win the race.

Он сможет выиграть гонку.

He will be allowed to attend the club.

Ему разрешат посещать клуб.

+

-

Can I help you?

Yes, you can.

No, you can’t.

Can you help?

Yes, I can.

No, I can’t.

Can he help?

Yes, he can.

No, he can’t.

Can she help?

Yes, she can.

No, she can’t.

Can it help?

Yes, it can.

No, it can’t.

Can we help?

Yes, we can.

No, we can’t.

Can they help?

Yes, they can.

No, they can’t.

How can we help?

Could you give me your pen, please?

When can you help?

Will tomorrow be all right?

How long can you help?

Maybe for a year or two.

1) Could I ask you to do me a favour?

2) May I use your mobile phone?

3) Can I have a day off?

4) Could I leave earlier today?

5) Can I give you a hand?

6) How can I help you?

7) You may leave earlier today.

8) May I have a cup of coffee?

9) She may be busy right now.

10) They can speak effectively.

11) She is in a good form. She can win the

competition easily.

- work hard

- play the violin

- compose music

- write poems

- ride a horse

- read in Latin

- see in the dark

- dance rock’n’roll

- drive a car

- play ice hockey

- play the piano

- swim

- skate

- ski

- ride a bike

Secretary

Members of your family

1. May (Сan) I come in?

1. May (Сan) I have more ice-cream?

Значения:

must

должен

have to

вынужден в силу обстоятельств

be to

должен в силу плана, расписания

ought to

следует

should

следует

• необходимость

I must do the shopping this week.

I have to return the book now.

The plane is to arrive at 7 p.m.

---

---

• совет, моральный долг

---

---

---

You ought to be more attentive.

You should help her.

• запрет

One mustn’t smoke here.

---

---

---

---

• предположение

He must know his address.

---

---

---

---

+

-

Should I come?

Yes, you should.

No, you shouldn’t.

Should you come?

Yes, I should.

No, I shouldn’t.

Should he come?

Yes, he should.

No, he shouldn’t.

Should she come?

Yes, she should.

No, she shouldn’t.

Should it come?

Yes, it should.

No, it shouldn’t.

Should we come?

Yes, you should.

No, you shouldn’t.

Should they come?

Yes, they should.

No, they shouldn’t.

When should we come?

At 5 o’clock

Where should they go?

To the library

What should he do?

To stay here

How should she look?

Beautiful

+

-

Do I have to stay?

Yes, you do.

No, you don’t.

Do you have to stay?

Yes, I do.

No, I don’t.

Does he have to stay?

Yes, he does.

No, he doesn’t.

Does she have to stay?

Yes, she does.

No, she doesn’t.

Does it have to stay?

Yes, it does.

No, it doesn’t.

Do we have to stay?

Yes, you do.

No, you don’t.

Do they have to stay?

Yes, they do.

No, they don’t.

How long do I have to stay?

For a day or two.

Where do I have to stay?

At the Browns.

When does she have to come?

On Friday.

How long do I have to stay?

For a day or two.

When does she have to come?

In a day or two.

When did he have to come?

In September.

1) He ought to change his doctor.

2) You must go now.

3) He ought to grow a beard.

4) That house must be built in the 1990s.

5) You should drink more water.

6) You must buy a new jacket.

7) I had to get up early yesterday.

8) We should answer the letter.

9) Everyone must obey law.

10) He has to be at work at 8 a.m.

11) We had to get ready for the exam

thoroughly.

12) We are to meet at the University.

1) Gary has to write the final report.

(what?)

2) Bob should check these figures

because they may be inaccurate. (why)

3) Gilbert has to study this evening.

4) You should wear a seatbelt.

5) I oughtn’t to lift heavy things.

6) He must be here by this time (when).

7) People ought to treat animals kindly.

8) We ought to respect the environment.

9) You mustn’t make any noise.

1. No, I can't.

2. Yes, please.

3. Sorry. I couldn’t come because I was too busy.

4. Yes, she may.

5. Yes, I can.

6. No, I am still busy at five.

7. Thank you.

8. No, you needn’t.

9. No, it’s only nine.

10. Yes, thank you.

11. OK

12. No, I can only speak Russian.

13. Hold on!

14. Sorry, he is on holiday.

15. Fine!

16. He must come at five.

17. Yes, you can stay till eleven.

18. Well, I can play chess.

19. Just a minute.

1) Следует ли мне ответить на письмо?

2) Ему следует заплатить эти деньги.

3) Он должен быть в библиотеке сейчас.

4) Почему я должна делать это?

5) Все должны повиноваться закону.

6) Он вынужден вставать рано.

7) Вам следует уехать завтра.

8) Ответ должен быть быстрым.

9) Вам нельзя входить в эту комнату.

10) Он умеет играть на гитаре.

11) Урок должен начаться в 10 часов.

1) Roger can play the piano beautifully, but he cannot sing very well.

2) He might come tomorrow, but she

mightn’t come on Thursday.

3) You shouldn’t talk to George.

4) He won’t be able to go to the language

lab tomorrow.

5) He is able to understand a little French,

but not very much.

6) A secretary can organize files very well.

7) John might be in his office now.

8) I might take a computer course next

term.

9) How many hours a day should I sleep?

10) Children should not watch TV too much.

11) You will have to register for at least

three courses each term.

12) Sara ought to begin her biology project this week.

13) We didn’t have to go to the meeting

yesterday.

14) Sally grew up in Mexico, so she must

speak Spanish fluently.

15) A good husband must not flirt with

other women.

16) They are to arrive next Monday.

17) He won’t be allowed to leave soon.

ПАССИВНЫЙ (СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ) ЗАЛОГ

Активный залог

Пассивный залог

Подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, совершающий действие:

Students study English.

Студенты изучают английский язык.

Подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвергающийся действию со стороны другого лица или предмета:

English is studied by students.

Английский язык изучается студентами.

Меня искали.

Ей помогли.

Его заметили.

Вам покажут презентацию.

Нам разрешили прийти.

Их ограбили.

I have been looked for.

She was helped.

He was noticed.

You will be shown a presentation.

We were allowed to come.

They were robbed.

Активный залог

Пассивный залог

Simple (Indefinite) Tenses

Present

V, V(e)s

They often invite me to the theatre.

We eat a lot of rice at home.

She speaks French fluently.

am / is / are + V³ed

I am invited to the theatre quite often.

Rice is eaten a lot at our home.

French and English are spoken in Canada.

Past

V²ed

The workers built this house last year.

The teacher examined the students.

was / were + V³ed

This house was built last year.

Students were examined yesterday.

Future

shall/will + V

We shall tell you about it.

They will build a new stadium next year.

shall / will + be + V³ed

I shall be told about it.

The new stadium will be built.

Progressive (Continuous) Tenses

Present

am / is / are + Ving

I am teaching you now.

We are discussing this question now.

The teacher is asking us now.

am / is / are + being + V³ed

I am being taught grammar now.

This question is being discussed now.

We are being asked by the teacher.

Past

was / were + Ving

Parents were papering the kitchen in the evening yesterday.

The managers were discussing the problems when the boss came in.

was / were + being + V³ed

The kitchen was being papered then.

The problems were being discussed when the boss came in.

Future

shall / will + be + Ving

We shall be translating an English text at the exam next week.

= Future Simple Passive

shall / will + be + V³ed

A text will be translated from English into Russian at the exam next week.

Perfect Tenses

Present

have / has + V³ed

The secretary has just typed the letter.

We have sent two e-mails to them so far.

have / has + been + V³ed

The letter has just been typed.

Two e-mails have been sent to them.

Past

had + V³ed

When I came home, Mom had already cooked dinner.

had been + V³ed

When I came home, dinner had already been cooked.

Future

shall / will + have + V³ed

They will have built the cinema by the end of this year.

shall / will + have been + V³ed

The cinema will have been built by the end of this year.

Perfect Progressive Tenses

Present

have / has + been + V ing

I have been reading this magazine for an hour.

= Present Perfect Passive

have / has been + V³ed

The magazine has been read for an hour.

Past

had + been + Ving

He had been repairing his car all the morning so he felt tired.

= Past Perfect Passive

had been + V³ed

The car had been repaired all the morning.

Future

shall / will + have + been + Ving

By next year our university will have been training civil servants for fifty years.

= Future Perfect Passive

shall / will + have been + V³ed

Civil servants will have been trained by our university for fifty years by next year.

1) Mommy bakes something new every

weekend.

2) We will have finished the project in half

an hour.

3) The workers are repairing the road now.

4) He will not forget you even in a year.

5) My friend had bought a fashion

magazine before she went to the tailor’s

to discuss her ballroom dress.

6) The students will be translating a text from

English into Russian at the exam this time

tomorrow.

7) The child answered the phone itself.

8) My cat was playing with a mouse when I

saw it.

9) The guests have already seen your new

photo.

1) The manager gave useful instructions to

the employees.

2) My relatives sent me some photos from

their holiday in Greece.

3) Parents bought a Christmas present to

their child in advance.

4) The neighbours told them the latest news.

5) They asked us our names at the hotel.

6) A friend recommended her an effective diet.

1) Did the committee look into the matter?

2) Did he take any notice of her?

3) Did they lose sight of a boat?

4) Did they turn down your offer?

5) Did the boss find fault with you?

6) Did they take care of the puppy?

7) Did he speak about his success?

8) Did you refer to that journal in your article?

9) Did the passers-by laugh at him?

1) Your coat is dirty.

2) His hair is too long.

3) Our dog is hungry.

4) The baby is sleepy.

5) The desk is untidy.

6) The fridge is empty.

7) The toys are all around the room.

8) Her shoes are worn-out.

СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЁН

КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ

1) John said, “I am going to Paris on

Wednesday.”

2) Ann said, “I have to finish this report by

five o’clock.”

3) Nick said, “I saw this film yesterday.”

4) Mary said, “John, I can’t go to the

cinema with you.”

5) The boy said, “I am only eight years old.”

6) Helen says, “I know the author of these

books.”

7) President noticed, “Russia was and will

always be a great country.”

8) He said, “I will be here at night.”

1) John asked, “Where does Mary live?”

2) Ann asked, “Has my husband gone

away?”

3) I asked the clerk, “How much does it

cost?”

4) Mr. Smith asked me, “Where are you

going?”

5) Tom asked me, “What time is it?”

6) He asked Helen, “When will it be

warmer at last?”

7) John asked me, “Have you sent the

letter?”

8) I asked the shop assistant, “What is the

price of that tie?”

1) He asked his sister Mary, “Look after

my children please.”

2) The doctor told the patient, “Come

again tomorrow.”

3) Bob said to the police agent, “Find out

where your colleague has gone.”

4) My friend asked me, “Lend me some

money, please.”

5) The teacher said to the children, “Keep

quiet.”

6) My mother said, “Could you help me

with the dinner?”

7) My children said, “Buy a dog to us and

we will be the happiest children.”

8) The manager said to the workers,

“Improve your skills first.”

СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ

1) I wish I knew the laws.

2) But for him, I wouldn’t have translated

this article.

3) He would be a good civil servant.

4) He wouldn’t have fallen, but it was very

slippery.

5) She wished we had informed the

population in due time.

6) I suggest that you prepare the list of

participants now.

7) She speaks Swedish so well as if she

lived in Sweden for many years.

8) We wished you hadn’t left your glasses

at home.

9) She would be glad to see you,

but she is ill now.

10) I wish I had taken an umbrella, it’s

raining.

11) I should have passed the exam, but I

didn’t work.

12) It is necessary that she should do this

work immediately.

13) I’ll put down your e-mail address lest I

should forget it.

14) I wish I could be given the driving

license.

15) It is required that the court should take into account all the details.

1) I wish I (own) a new car.

2) John wishes he (be) a lawyer.

3) I wish I (go) to the movie with you last

night.

4) Mary wishes she (can) drive a car.

5) I wish, when a boy, I (study) Latin

instead of Greek.

6) I wish it (be) possible for me to help

you.

7) I wish I (not / spend) so much money

yesterday.

8) I wish I (be) in California now.

9) I wish I (have) today off. I’d go swimming.

10) I wish I (have) yesterday off. I’d have

gone swimming.

11) Ann wishes she (live) nearer me.

УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

Главное предложение

Придаточное предложение

Future Simple (Indefinite)

We will go to our friends

Мы пойдем к нашим друзьям,

Present Simple (Indefinite)

if we finish our work in time.

если закончим работу вовремя.

Главное предложение

Придаточное предложение

should, would, could, might

+ инфинитив без частицы to

We could go for a walk

Мы бы могли пойти погулять,

I would talk to him

Я бы поговорил с ним,

Past Simple (Indefinite)

if we had time.

если бы у нас было время.

if I were you. (! форма глагола)

если бы был на твоем месте.

Главное предложение

Придаточное предложение

should, would, could, might

+ перфектный инфинитив без частицы to

He would have passed the exam

Он бы сдал экзамен,

Past Perfect

if he had worked harder last term.

если бы работал лучше в семестре.

Главное предложение

Придаточное предложение

should, would, could, might

+ инфинитив без частицы to

You would know the material better

Вы бы знали материал лучше,

Past Perfect

if you had visited the library yesterday.

если бы вчера сходили в библиотеку.

Главное предложение

Придаточное предложение

should, would, could, might

+ перфектный инфинитив без частицы to

I should have invited them

Я бы пригласила их,

Past Simple (Indefinite)

if I liked them.

если бы они мне нравились.

1) If the instructor (be) absent tomorrow

we (go) home earlier.

2) We (not to be) able to go out if the

instructor (give) a lot of homework for

the weekend.

3) If the university (raise) tuition many

students (not to be) able to pay.

4) There (be) problems with lack of food if

the world population (continue) to grow

rapidly.

5) George (help) us if you (ask) him nicely.

6) If mankind (stop) polluting the

environment there (be) more fresh water

and air.

7) If women (be) given the same rights as

men there (be) more women in the

government.

8) The environment (be) healthier if the

government (ban) the use of pesticides.

1) If there isn’t any class tomorrow, … .

2) If I earn a million rubles some day, … .

3) If the temperature rises tomorrow, …. .

4) If I study hard tonight, … .

5) If my friend comes today, … .

6) If it rains today, … .

1) What will you do if you have a test

tomorrow?

2) What will you do if we don’t have good

mood tomorrow?

3) What will you do if you have free time

tomorrow?

4) What will you do if you run out of money

tomorrow?

5) What will you do if your friend leaves town

this weekend?

6) What will you do if I give you a lot of

homework today?

7) What will you do if your parents call you

tonight?

1) He will come tomorrow unless he (to

leave) for Finland.

2) If I were you I (to accept) this offer.

3) If you (to run) into him in the street you

wouldn’t recognize him, he’s changed a

lot.

4) If he (to have) more free time he would

have taken French lessons.

5) If she spoke these languages she (to

be) a very useful assistant.

6) I could do it today if I (to have) any free

time.

7) If Nick were not so absent-minded he

(not to forget) the book at home.

8) If it snows tomorrow we (to ski).

9) If it (to start) to rain we should take the

umbrellas.

10) If somebody (to follow) him at night he

wouldn’t be frightened.

11) If I had been in a hurry I (to take) a taxi.

12) If you don’t like children you (to choose)

the profession of a teacher.

13) If I (to be) in your position I would resign

rather than wait to be sacked.

14) If you (not to lose) your job you could

have improved your qualification.

15) If he (to come) I will ask him to help you.

1) If I were you …

2) If I could …

3) If I had …

4) If it were Friday evening …

НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА

Личные формы

Неличные формы

• к ним относят:

a) формы глагола в трёх лицах ед. и мн. числа во всех временах активного и пассивного залога в изъявительном и сослагательном наклонении:

I am a diligent, creative and hard-working student. My family lives in Petrozavodsk.

We are planning to go to Turkey in June.

We have never been there before but we were in Tunis last year.

We were invited to Tunis by our close friends.

If I had more time, I would learn English at last and use it in my trips.

b) форма повелительного наклонения: Come in! Don’t shout, please.

• к ним относят:

1. инфинитив сочетает черты глагола и существительного

To be or not to be, that is the question.

2. герундий сочетает черты глагола и существительного

The best part of living is loving and giving.

3. причастие 1 сочетает черты глагола и прилагательного / наречия

Lose an hour in the morning and you will spend the whole day looking for it.

4. причастие 2 сочетает черты глагола и прилагательного / наречия

Lost time is never found again.

• выражают грамматические категории:

- время (настоящее, прошедшее, будущее) - залог (активный, пассивный)

- число (единственное, множественное)

- лицо (1, 2, 3)

- наклонение (повелительное, изъявительное, сослагательное)

This grammar topic is quite difficult.

I wish it were easier.

• выражают категории времени и залога, но они относительны:

Simple (Indefinite), Progressive (Continuous) означают одновременность действия:

It is pleasant to be working with you now.

Perfect, Perfect Progressive (Continuous) означают предшествование действия:

It is good of you to have helped me.

Инфинитив

Герундий

Причастие 1

Причастие 2

- Don't talk too much if you want people to listen to you.

- The children were happy to be taken to Disneyland.

- The weather seems to be changing.

- She was sorry to have missed the train.

- He avoided making the same mistakes again.

- No one likes being thought a fool.

- He admits having made the same mistake again.

- He resented having been criticized by the manager.

- Leaving her son alone the mother told him to behave himself.

- Being left alone he started to play computer games.

- Having asked a question, the teacher was waiting for an answer.

- Having been asked a question, the pupil was thinking of an answer.

- The train is gone.

- The vase is broken.

- She had her hair waved for the birthday party.

• служат в предложении сказуемым;

при них имеется подлежащее:

We study at the Karelian Branch of the North-West Academy of Public Administration.

• могут быть только частью сказуемого:

I don’t know.

She dislikes getting up early.

We are learning now.

We have understood everything.

• могут быть другим членом предложения:

Подлежащее

Часть сказуемого

Дополнение

Обстоятельство

Определение

Инфинитив

(to) learn

- To learn English is necessary in modern life.

- It is not easy to stop smoking.

- He has to go there.

- I can help you.

- Your task is to get a diploma.

- I want to go to India.

- I want you to go to the South.

- She began to dream.

- We saw Jane enter the hotel.

- (In order) To know English well you must study regularly.

- He is too young to understand it.

- I have come here to meet you.

- This is a good book to read.

- The children have a good room to play in.

Герундий

learning

- Learning English is hard but necessary.

- He finished reading.

- I could not help smiling.

- My hobby is travelling.

- I enjoy driving.

- The car needs washing.

- On hearing the good news she started to jump.

- He left without saying good-bye.

- Thank you for coming.

- The idea of painting came to him at the age of 40.

- His habit of taking a nap annoyed his wife.

Причастие 1

learning

- She is always complaining.

- He has been waiting for you for an hour now.

- The problem is being discussed now.

- I heard my daughter talking to her boyfriend in English on the phone!

- He answered, looking at us suspiciously.

- Being an actress, she knew how to present herself.

- The girl dancing with John is my sister.

- The test being carried out is of great importance.

Причастие 2

Learnt / played

- My fiends have helped me.

- She has been working in the garden.

- The job was done last week.

- Embarrassed, he didn’t know what to say.

- Having read the secret e-mail, she immediately deleted it.

- I don’t eat fried meat.

- We used all the advice given.

1) The weather is nice; we can go out.

2) The main problem is to find time.

3) To forget the past was impossible.

4) To be a good doctor, it is necessary to

study for many years.

5) We believed her to be a great actress.

6) The book is to be published soon.

7) He read the telegram the second time to

understand it.

8) They were too surprised to speak.

9) This is just the man to consult.

10) The children agreed never to quarrel

again.

11) Here are some instructions to follow.

1) Do you mind getting up early?

2) Are you used to working on your own?

3) Do you prefer doing practical things to

reading or creative writing?

4) Do you mind working under pressure?

5) Are you good at persuading others?

6) Do you usually put much effort into

doing the job you like?

7) Are you good at socializing with other

people?

8) Are you good at using computers and

learning foreign languages?

9) Do you mind doing routine work?

10) Can you keep on doing paper work all

day long?

1) The study process can be tiring.

2) It is 10 o’clock now. We are studying

Participle 1.

3) The train arriving on Platform 5 is one

hour late.

4) Being a foreigner, Josh needs a visa to

stay in our country.

5) John became more and more nervous as

he thought of the approaching interview.

6) While writing a report, she was interrupted

by urgent phone calls.

7) Having spent nearly all the money, Lucy

went for a cup of coffee.

1) I’ve got nothing to do. I am (boring /

bored).

2) The boss’s comments were (confusing /

confused) and the employees didn’t

understand them.

3) The kitchen hadn’t been cleaned for

ages. It was really (disgusting /

disgusted).

4) I seldom visit art galleries. I’m not

particularly (interesting / interested) in

art.

5) I’ve been working hard all day and now I

am (tiring / tired).

6) I asked Emily if she wanted to go with us

but she wasn’t (interesting / interested).

7) Tom is very good at telling funny jokes.

He can be very (amusing / amused).

8) Liz is a very (interesting / interested)

person. She has travelled a lot.

9) The lecture was (boring / bored) and I fell

asleep.

КОНСТРУКЦИИ С ИНФИНИТИВОМ