Сложноподчиненное предложение Определительное придаточное предложение

• Определительные придаточные предложения соединяются с главным предложением следующими союзными словами: местоимениями who (который), whom (которого), whose (чей, которого), which, that (который), а также и наречиями when (когда), where (где, куда), why (почему):

The man who is standing at the window is my brother.

I have found the book that I was looking for.

The times when we were students will always remain in my soul.

• Относительные местоимения whom (объектный падеж от who) и which часто заменяются местоимением that:

Do you know the woman that (whom) we met at the corner?

• Относительное местоимение who редко заменяется местоимением that. Местоимение whose не может быть заменено местоимением that.

• Относительные местоимения, выполняющие функцию дополнения, часто опускаются:

He answered the letter that (which) he received a few days ago. = He answered

the letter he received a few days ago.

• Относительные местоимения, играющие роль подлежащего, не могут быть опущены: The student who is answering now comes from Finland.

► 1. Из двух предложений составьте одно.

Вам могут понадобиться союзные слова:

Tom works for this company. The company makes computers.

Tom works for the company that makes computers.

1) That woman lives next door. She often comes home late. 2) Yesterday I met my first teacher at school. I recognized her at once. 3) This is a medicine. You need it. 4) This is the same story. I heard it a year ago. 5) Where is the mail? It was on the table.

6) He left one day. I don’t remember that day. 7) I got that letter yesterday. It came too late. 8) I slept in that bed last night. It wasn’t very comfortable. You bought a car not long ago. What happened to it?

► 2. Вставьте соединительные слова who, whose, which, where.

Don took the train from Edinburgh to Dundee, … is on the east coast of Scotland. He found a cheap hotel … he could stay for the night, and then he went to a pub … he could get something to eat. He talked to an old lady … son was living in Canada. He also met a man … had seen a ghost at the castle … was not far from the hotel.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

HOME AND FAMILY

► 1. Answer the questions in writing:

1 ) Have you got a family? Is it large or small? How many are you in your family? Are you all great friends?

2) Does your mother work? What is she? Is she fond of her job?

Do you help her about the house (do you do the rooms, keep

the house, clean the rooms, dust the furniture, help with the cooking,

vacuum clean the flat, water the flowers, wash up, take the dog for a walk, do the shopping)?

3) What is your father? How old is he? Is he your mother’s senior or junior or are they of the same age?

4) Have you got brothers or sisters (or both)? What are their names? What are they? Are you fond of each other? Are they your senior or junior?

5) Have you got grandparents (grandmothers and grandfathers)? How old are they? Do you spend much time together? Do you help them from time to time? Are they retired pensioners or do they still work?

6) You have got many relatives, haven’t you? Where do they live? Do you keep in touch with them? Are you fond of them? Draw your family tree and explain who is who in writing. Add some details on every family member.

7) What is your name? How old are you? Where are you from? Do you live with your family or alone? What is your place of living like? Are you married or single? Who are you married to? Have you got any children? What are you? Where do you work? Do you enjoy your work? Why do you want to get higher education? What are you going to be?

8) What is your hobby? You have got a pet at home, haven’t you? Are you a book-lover? You often go to the theatre or to the cinema, don’t you? Are you good at knitting, sewing or woodworking? Do you like to be in the open air and go for a walk? Is your favourite pastime fishing and hunting? Are you fond of cooking and trying new recipes? Do you keep fit? Are you on a diet? What do you think about skating and skiing? Can you say that you are musical (can you sing, dance or play a musical instrument)? You are good at driving, aren’t you? Are you interested in learning foreign languages? How do you usually spend time with friends?

► 2. Complete the Table:

Status	a baby
Stage	2 years old	childhood	in your teens	middle-aged	retirement

► 3. Add three more words and word combinations to each line to describe your personality:

My appearance: handsome/beautiful, pleasant-looking, tall, well-built, sporty, overweight, fair -haired, hazel-eyed, …

My character: (very, quite, rather, a bit, totally, extremely, completely, absolutely, slightly, pretty) good-humoured, impatient, …

My family: supportive, united, sociable, …

My job: competitive, conventional, serious, …

My home: cozy and sunny, …

My free time: enjoyable, practical, …

My ambitions: to be a civil servant / a lawyer / an economist, …

My current activities: learning English, …

► 4. Complete the text using the words from the box:

parents, to succeed, photo, works, get on well, easygoing, elder, divorced, thoughtless, attractive, relations

This is a family (1). And this is me standing behind my (2). They are (3) but still (4). My parents are (5) and not strict. Next to me is my (6) sister Ann. She is quite (7), isn’t she? She (8) as a lawyer. My parents say I’m more immature and (9). But I think I’m quite ambitious – I want (10). So that’s all my (11).

► 5. Ask 10 questions about Rex Harrington in writing. How are you different from the described person?

Rex Harrington is a rich businessman of about forty-five. He’s tall and dark. He wears dark suits but at weekends he wears casual clothes. He usually gets up at six, does some exercises and then goes to the office. He never gets back before ten o’clock at night so he doesn’t see much of his family. He is interested in cooking. At the moment he is travelling on business in the USA because he’s opening an office over there next year.

► 6. What is the role of family in your life? Use the suggested questions and

answer them in a composition:

1) How do you understand the proverb “East or West – home is best”?

2) Are you family-oriented or career-oriented?

3) How much time do you usually spend with your family?

4) Are there photos of your family members in your flat?

5) When was the last time you had a photo of all family members taken?

6) When was your most memorable family reunion? What was the occasion?

7) Who do you usually spend the New Year with?

► 7. Translate from English into Russian:

1) There’re a lot of adults around her. 2) Our family is neither big nor small. 3) Our granny is on pension now and she adores her grandchildren. 4) I was named after my aunt. 5) Ann is definitely the favorite in the family.

6) My uncle is going to make a will. 7) It doesn’t take so long to give a call to your mum. 8) Wedding ceremonies vary from country to country. 9) I am interested in my family history. 10) People say that I look like my dad.

HIGHER EDUCATION

► 1. Give a few words with the same root:

t o develop - science –

to relate - to apply –

to provide - to create –

to educate - to qualify –

► 2. Match the English words and word combinations with their Russian translation:

1) secondary school 2) BA (Bachelor of Arts) 3) BSc (Bachelor of Science) 4) MA (Master of Arts) 5) MSc (Master of Science) 6) a correspondence student 7) Postgraduate Certificate in Education 8) a post-graduate student 9) MBA (Master of Business Administration) 10) Med (Master of Education) 11) PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) 12) M.D. (Medicine Doctor) 13) Full Doctor ( PhD (biol.)) 14) a researcher

a) аспирант b) бакалавр гуманитарных наук (4 года) c) бакалавр точных наук (4 года) d) доктор наук e) кандидат медицинских наук f) кандидат (любых) наук g) магистр в области образования h) магистр в области управления бизнесом i) магистр гуманитарных наук j) магистр точных наук k) научный сотрудник l) сертификат об окончании аспирантуры m) средняя общеобразовательная школа n) студент заочной формы обучения

► 3. Match the type of higher educational institution with its description: 1) higher general education; 2) higher vocational education; 3) higher professional education

1. takes place at the non-university tertiary level, at vocational universities and schools. It usually concentrates on both practice and applied theory. It grants Professional degrees like Professional Bachelor's degree, Professional Master's degree and Professional doctorates) in a variety of subjects. There are such universities in Applied sciences and Applied arts.

2. takes place in a university or college. It is usually theoretical.

3. it is included within higher education, as many postgraduate academic disciplines are vocationally and professionally oriented, such as social work (Library school, Public policy school), law (Law school) and medicine (Medical school, Dental school, Veterinary school), Business school, Journalism school, etc.

► 4. Read the definition of higher education and find 3 mistakes in it (check http://en.wikipedia.org):

Higher education (=post-secondary education, tertiary education, third-stage, third level) refers to a level of education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, community colleges, liberal arts colleges, institutes of technology and other collegiate level institutions, such as vocational schools, trade schools and career colleges. It is compulsory all over the world. It follows the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school, secondary school, gymnasium or kindergarten. It includes only undergraduate education and doesn’t include postgraduate education. Higher education awards academic degrees or professional certifications. In the United Kingdom, post-secondary education below the level of higher education is referred to as further education.

► 5. Write about your studies in a similar way. Make changes if necessary:

I am studying at the Karelian Branch of the North-West Academy of Public Administration in Petrozavodsk. I am a day department student specializing in state and municipal government. I am in my second year of studies now. The study period usually lasts for five years, and I will have my practice in the final year. As a rule we have 3 to 4 classes daily, starting from 8.30 till 13.40 with a break for lunch. I attend the lectures and seminars regularly. My favourite subject is management.

I am not a book-worm but I have to spend much time at our local library to get ready for practical classes, seminars, reports and course papers. There are also good computer labs at our Academy where I can find the necessary information in the internet.

I also participate in extracurricular activities organized at the Academy, for example in the scientific-research conference of students and post-graduate students, in different Olympiads, sport competitions and entertaining events.

I am doing the English language now. I find English grammar, pronunciation and spelling quite difficult but speaking and listening are my strong points. I am very interested in English. You know the saying, “A good beginning is half the battle.” If I don’t miss classes and work regularly on my own I will surely make progress. I know I have to work hard to pass my English exam at my winter session. I am going to sit for the exam for a month to be able to use it in my professional sphere after I graduate from the Academy.

UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN THE USA

► 6. Can you answer these questions? 1) What kinds of higher education institutions do you know in the USA?

2) What are the most prestigious universities in the USA?

3) Do you happen to know what higher education institutions the US President Barack Obama studied at?

► 7. Here are the names of some American institutions of higher education. Which of them have you heard of and where from? What are they famous for?

- Stanford University; - Pennsylvania State University; - the University of Arizona; - Harvard University; - Minnesota State University;

- Columbia University; - Occidental College (in Los Angeles); - Princeton University; - Central Technical College (Georgia); - Stanford University.

► 8. Read the text with a dictionary. Choose the correct form of the verb and entitle the text:

Degree-granting institutions in the United States can (1 – call / be called) colleges, institutes or universities. Colleges are smaller and offer only undergraduate degrees, while a university also offers graduate degrees. An institute usually (2 - specializes / is specialized) in degree programs. Within each college or university you will find schools and institutes, such as Harvard Law School within Harvard University and Royal D. Alworth Jr. Institute for International Studies within Minnesota State University. Each school (3 – offers / is offered) degree programs.

Universities, as well as other institutions, can be state (public) or private. State universities (4 - found/are founded) and subsidized by state governments. State universities are usually very large, with enrollments of 20,000 or more students. State university tuition costs are lower than those of private universities.

Private universities (5 - fund/are funded) by a combination of endowments, tuition fees, research grants and gifts from alumni. Tuition fees are higher at private universities than at state ones. Private universities have enrollments of fewer than 20,000 students on their campuses.

► 9. Comprehension check:

1) How are private universities funded?

2) What higher education institutions offer undergraduate degrees?

3) Could you compare the enrollments of state and private universities?

4) How are state universities subsidized?

► 10. Copy out adjectives in the comparative degree from the text in exercise 8 and translate them into Russian.

► 11. Translate the following attributive structures from the text into Russian:

degree-granting institutions, degree programs, state universities, state governments, state university tuition costs, tuition fees, research grants.

► 12. Find the synonyms to these words in the text:

public, to subsidize, tuition costs.

► 13. Can you guess the meaning of the words “campus” and “enrollment” from the context? If not, find their meaning in a dictionary.

► 14. Find the information about one of the higher education institutions of the USA in the Internet and be ready to give a short talk about it:

name, location, specialization, public or private, students’ enrollment, tuition fees.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

► 15. The table below shows the levels of education

in the UK. Compare them with the Russian ones.

Primary education	It is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 11 in England, Wales and Scotland (4 and 11 in the Northern Ireland).
Secondary education	It is compulsory across the UK between 11 and 16. (In England, the Department for Children, Schools and Families has confirmed plans to raise the “school leaving age” in England to 18 by 2013.)
16 to 19 education	Secondary schools and sixth form colleges offer general education. Further education colleges generally put a greater emphasis on vocational courses. Tertiary colleges offer both general and vocational education.
Further education	Further education colleges and many sixth form centres provide various courses for students of all ages.
Higher education	It is provided by universities, higher education colleges and a small number of university colleges. Higher education institutions offer a wide range of qualifications and titles: D (Doctoral) – Doctorates mean a qualification such as a Doctor of Philosophy - a PhD or Dphil; M (Masters) - Masters degrees, postgraduate certificates and diplomas provide qualifications in a number of areas - MA (master of arts), MSc (master of science), MBA (master of business administration), LLM (master of law), MEd (master of education), MPhil (master of philosophy) and MRes (master of research); H (Honours) - Bachelors degrees, graduate certificates and diplomas lead to a qualification such as a bachelor of arts (BA), bachelor of science (BSc) or bachelor of medicine (MB); I (Intermediate) - Diplomas of Higher Education and Further Education, Foundation Degrees, Higher National Diplomas; C (Certificate) - Certificate of Higher Education

► 16. Read the sentences on peculiarities of higher education in the UK and compare them in writing with the Russian ones:

• There are currently around 170 universities and higher education colleges and over two million higher education students in the UK. Of these, 87% are from the UK, 4% are from other countries of the European Community, and over 8% are from countries outside of the European Community.

• Higher education is referred to as “lifelong learning”, which is not limited to the compulsory school years, but extends through an adult's working life and sometimes into retirement.

• The University of Buckingham is the only private university in the UK. The vast majority of British universities are state financed.

• Most universities in the United Kingdom provide rented accommodation for many of their students, particularly freshers (first-year students).

• A wide range of courses is offered, with content and modes of study (full-time, part-time, flexibly, or via distance learning) varying from institution to institution.

• Students can study different courses depending on their preferences (or career goals), so if they enjoy studying art and politics, they can probably apply for a combined course covering both subjects.

• Graduates of the UK universities often place not only their academic qualifications but also the names of the universities that awarded them after their name: John Smith, BSc (Sheffield). Degrees are generally listed in ascending order of seniority followed by diplomas.

► 17. Concentrate on the “education funding” words. Are there such realia in Russia? Find the Russian equivalents to the marked words.

English undergraduate students (and students from other EU countries) have to pay university fees up to a maximum of £3,125 capped (for 2008/9). A state-provided loan is available which may only be used for tuition fee costs. Students are also entitled to apply for state-provided loans to pay for living costs, a portion of which is also means-tested. A new grant is also available, which is means-tested and offers up to £2,700 a year. As part of the deal allowing universities to charge up to £3,070 a year in tuition fees, all universities are required to offer burseries to those in receipt of the full government grant of at least £300. Non-EU students are not subsidised by the state and so have to pay much higher fees.

In principle, all postgraduate students are liable for fees, though a variety of scholarship and assistantship schemes exist which may provide support. Postgraduate students from the UK or EU who spend less than 16 hours per week on course mandated lectures or seminars are also eligible to claim unemployment benefit and housing benefit, provided that they can prove they are available to work 40 hours per week. This is irrespective of whether they are enrolled as studying full-time or part-time. However, typically this is not a common source of funding except for students in the 'writing up' stage of a PhD, where they have completed their main period of registration and are finishing off their thesis.

► 18. Study the classification of British universities. Choose one category and make an internet-based research on it (www.yandex.ru, www.google.com)

• Ancient universities like Aberdeen, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Oxford and St Andrews- universities founded before the 19th century;

• The University of London and Durham University founded in the early 19th century prior to the Red Bricks;

• Red Brick universities - universities which were chartered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries;

• Plate Glass Universities chartered in the 1960s which were known as "New Universities" when first created, but which are now more commonly considered a sub-section of the "Old Universities" which existed prior to the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 which allowed Polytechnics to become Universities;

• The Open University, founded in 1968 is Britain's sole mainly distance-learning University;

• New Universities - created in or after 1992 often called Post-1992 universities, from polytechnics and colleges of Higher Education.

► 19. Use the words and expressions from the descriptions of the world’s greatest universities to talk about the Karelian Branch of the North-West Academy of Public Administration in Petrozavodsk.

The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world dating from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Today the University of Oxford is an international leader in teaching, research and technology transfer. Its international student community of 5,359 (total 18,113) include students from 130 different nations. Oxford University's academic community includes over 70 Fellows of the Royal Society and around 90 Fellows of the British Academy.

T he University of Cambridge is one of the oldest universities in the world and one of the largest in the United Kingdom. In 2009 the University of Cambridge is celebrating its 800th anniversary, over this period its contribution to the world has ranged from the discovery of the mechanism of blood circulation to the structures of DNA, from the great philosophers of the early 15th century, to the groundbreaking work of its many Nobel Prize winners.

Cambridge University's reputation for outstanding academic achievement is known world-wide and reflects the intellectual achievement of its students, as well as the world-class original research carried out by the staff of the University and the Colleges.

PEOPLE AT WORK. EMPLOYMENT

► 1. Write about the differences between the terms

“employment”, “work”, “job”, “position” and “post”.

An English-English dictionary will help you.

► 2. Think about the responsibilities of

1) an employer and

2) an employee and divide these sentences accordingly:

a) ensures a harmonious and productive working relationship affected by three significant factors – interests, control and motivation. b) provides the labour. c) is any person hired to do a specific "job". d) is a person or institution that hires workers. e) is given an official offer of employment within a company for a defined starting salary and position. f) can be exempt (salaried and not eligible to earn overtime) or non-exempt (paid hourly and eligible for overtime pay).

g) can be everything from individuals hiring a babysitter to governments and businesses which may hire many thousands of people. h) maintains control over the productive base of land and capital, and is the entity named in contracts. i) can organize into trade unions or labor unions, which represent most of the available workforce in a single organization. j) offers hourly wages or a salary in exchange for the worker's labor power.

► 3. Think about your own job or the job of a person you know well. Draw an organization chart using the following terms:

applicant blue-collar worker Board of Directors boss Chairperson (President) colleague employee

employer job seeker Managing Director (Chief Executive Officer = CEO) middle manager personnel

senior manager staff supervisor white-collar worker worker workforce

► 4. Complete the passage about Mr. Pat Guerin, Industrial Relations Manager of Guinness Ireland. Use these expressions:

a) This job involved… b) I reported directly to… c) I was employed as…

d) I worked… e)The next position I held was.. f) I was then promoted to…

g) In this role… h) I’ve worked…

When I first started working in Guinness 1___ a general worker. For three years 2___ in the bottling plant as a machine operator. 3___ for a period of seven years in the engineering department as a maintenance assistant. This involved working with technically skilled personnel in maintaining plant and equipment. In both jobs 4___ a supervisor. Since then, however, the structure of the company has significantly changed and the supervisor layer no longer exists. General workers now report to a plant manager. 5__ the position of laboratory officer in the quality assurance laboratory. 6___ carrying out a wide range of analyses on all aspects of the brewing process. For the past year 7___ in the personnel department as an Industrial Relations Manager. 8___ I report directly to the Personnel Manager of the company.

► 5. Where are you in your organization’s hierarchy? What are you responsible for? Use these word combinations in a paragraph:

- to advice - to appoint - to assist (to help, to support) - to be accountable to - to be assisted by

- to be in charge of - to be responsinle for - to control - to depend on - to head the department - to work for

- to manage - to produce - to report directly to smb on smth - to run the company

► 6. Write a passage about the work conditions that suit you most:

full-time job, part-time job, permanent job, permatemp, temporary, internship, volunteer, numerary, supernumerary, work-at-home scheme. On-line encyclopedia Wikipedia can help you (http://en.wikipedia.org).

► 7. Give Russian equivalents to the following types of money that employees get:

income, salary, wage(s), remuneration, commission, fee, living wage, a wage ceiling, paid time off, holiday/sick pay, overtime rate.

► 8. Think about the place you work at. What fringe benefits (perks, perquisites, a benefits package) do you get along with your salary?

- allowances for lunch - company car - company pension scheme - daycare and child care benefits - discounts on movies - discounted shopping - free refreshments - funding of education - health, dental, life insurance

- housing (employer-provided or employer-paid) - leisure activities on work time (golf, gym) - retirement benefits - share options - sick leave - stationery - something else

► 9. Sometimes people don’t work while at work. Write if any of these situations were applicable to you: break at work, leave of absence, no call no show, sick leave, academic leave, maternity leave, sleeping while on duty. Check Wikipedia or any other source.

► 10. Divide the ways of leaving a job into a) voluntary and b) involuntary:

- abdication (to abdicate) - to be on the dole - to be out of work (to be unemployed) - constructive dismissal - delayering - downsizing - firing (to be fired) - impeachment (to impeach) - lay-off (to be laid-off)

- quitting a job, to quit a job - redundancy (to make smb. redundant) - resignation (to resign from) - (early) retirement (to retire from) - suspension (to suspend smb.) - termination (to terminate smb.) - wrongful dismissal (to dismiss smb.)

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY

► 1. Give as many combinations of words with “work” and “job”

as possible, e.g. to work in a bank, a well-paid job etc.:

► 2. Make a list of professions related to the sphere of law, state and municipal government or accounting.

► 3. What do people of your future profession do? Write one sentence for each profession. What professional qualities should these people have?

E.g.: An accountant calculates salaries. An accountant should be precise, accurate and honest.

► 4. Write your resume / CV. Use some of the headings from this job application form:

First name: ____________________________________________________ Middle names: __________________________________________________________ Surname (last name) and maiden name (if previously employed under a different name): _______________________________________________________________­­­____________ Sex: male_______________________ female _______________________________ Citizenship: ________________________________________________________________ Place of birth: _______________________________________________________(country) Date of birth: ________________________________________________(day / month / year) Marital status: single _____________________ married ____________________________ Address: Flat_______, _______ (apartment building number), ________________(street), __________(city, town, village, settlement), ________(postal index) ________(country) E-mail: ____________________________________________________________________ Phone: work phone __________ home phone ________ mobile (cellular) phone _________ Education qualifications: Secondary___ Higher _____ Details of subjects___ (major, minor) Position applied for: _________________________________________________________ Type of employment: permanent___ temporary___full-time___part-time___summer____ Work experience: industrial_______ commercial_______ retail _______ educational _____ casual labour _____ managerial _______ voluntary____ other______ Previous employments __________ Employer ___________ Supervisor ______________ Position title and duties (responsibilities): _______________________________________ Skills and Qualifications: Licenses, Skills, Training, Awards: _______________________ Foreign languages: _________ Fluent _____________ Good _________________Basics Hobbies: Sport _____ Music ____ Theatre / Cinema ___ Handicrafts ___ Other___

► 5. What are positive and negative sides of your future profession of a civil servant / accountant / lawyer / manager / … ?

E.g.: long holidays, a comfortable office, a good salary ...

► 6. Complete the sentences with the words and expressions from the box. Write about your working conditions:

- companies	- salaries	- human resources	- means
- prices	- rich	- in charge of	- lights
- business	- building	- prices	- difference
- employees	- whatever	- unemployed	- machinery
- to keep	- called	- working conditions	- wealth (2)

Paula Armstrong's office is high up in a beautiful 1 ___ in the city center of Dallas, Texas. From her window she can look down at the street far below, and out past the skyscrapers to the endless flatness of Texas. It stretches for hundreds of miles in all directions, hiding the 2 ___ below its dusty fields. Here and there a piece of 3 ___ sticks out of the grounds, on top of which a metal arm nods up and down. It's a "nodding donkey", the top of an oil well, pulling the 4 ___ of Texas up above ground and into the hands of one of Dallas's many oil 5 ___.

Paula is Hunt Oil's senior vice-president of information and 6 ___. Translated into plain English, that 7 ___ she is 8 ___ her company's computers. She also runs the personnel department, and is in charge of the 9 ___ welfare: their 10 ___, medical insurance, 11 ___, etc.

Hunt Oil, where Paula works, is an old family 12 ___. “Black gold”, as oil is sometimes 13 ___, has made more millionaires than yellow gold ever did. When oil 14 ___ are high, Texans are 15 ___. But when they fall, the Texans are the first to feel the 16 ___. Stores close down and many people become 17 ___. But 18 ___ happens to the oil 19 ___, Americans need not worry yet. The country's natural 20 ___ is so great that the U.S. will be able 21 ___ the 22 ___ turned on for many years to come.

► 7. Paraphrase, explain or translate:

1) paraphrase:	It may take a lot of hard work to do well in America...
2) explain:	I have a degree in accounting.
3) translate:	Some even hold two full-time jobs at the same time.
4) paraphrase:	Men who started out with nothing and built up huge fortunes are national heroes.
5) explain:	… the actual number of jobless is many times higher.
6) translate:	A young man with ... very little education
7) paraphrase:	…. gave feedback to staff on their performance.
8) explain:	The minimum monthly cost-of-living standard rose by 7.5%.
9) translate:	...home-made pizzas
10) paraphrase:	...those who manage to get adapted to the new technologies find their way in the new world of business.
11) explain:	EURO coins and bank notes have been in consumers’ pockets since 2002.
12) translate:	... five years later he makes his first million dollars.
13) paraphrase:	Boston ... was then becoming one of the most exciting areas for "hi-tech" industry in the U.S.
14) explain:	The support programme is due to last until 2012.
15) translate:	the chance to get wealthy or even rich is there for everyone, however poor...
16) paraphrase:	The American admiration for business success is as strong as ever.
17) explain:	The stream of brilliant scientists going to America became a flood.
18) translate:	...she is still moving up in her career.
19) paraphrase:	Mr. Johns has got ten employees who report to him.
20) explain:	The progress made in computer technology has led to new forms of cashless payments.
21) translate:	After several different jobs, she moved to an American firm...

► 8. Translate into English:

1) работать в государственном секторе, 2) представлять интересы акционеров, 3) высокий уровень безработицы, 4) государственные служащие, 5) правительственный заказ, 6) возможность заработать миллион долларов,

7) «утечка мозгов», 8) руководить, 9) по высокой цене, 10) исследование и развитие, 11) взять отпуск, 12) дважды в год, 13) трудолюбивый сотрудник

BUSINESS DOCUMENTATION

► 1. Match the headings with numbers on the envelope:

a) addressee’s name b) zip code in the mailing address c) addresser’s city name

d) zip code in the return address e) addressee’s city name f) addresser’s name

1. Gary J. Marshal

Pacific Electronics

1325 Ocean Boulevard

(2) Santa Monica, CA (3) 90415 (4) Ms. Eleanor R. Fleming

246 Shasta Avenue

(5) Redding, CA (6) 96001

► 2. Decide if the business document below is a contract, a memo, a letter of request or a resume / a CV. Match the headings with numbers.

1. From c) E.W.

2. To d) Subject

1. ___: Supervisor

2. ___: Eugenia Wehr

Date: 7 June, 20__

3. ___: Proposed Change in Schedule

Dear Supervisor,

I am writing to request a change in my schedule for the fall semester. I would like to work from Tuesday-Friday from 8 AM to 7 PM, for a total of four ten-hour days per week. I think that we will be able to come to a mutually beneficial agreement.

(4) ___

► 3. Put the parts of a business letter in the correct order:

a)	Thank you for your letter, I am afraid that we have a problem with your order. Unfortunately, the manufacturers of the part you wish to order have warned us that they cannot supply it until November. Would you prefer us to supply a substitute, or would you rather wait until the original parts are again available?	d)	I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, Simon Tramp Sales Manager
b)	6 Pine Estate, Bedford Road, Bristol, UB28 12BP Telephone 9036 174369 Fax 9036 36924 7 August 20__	e)	James Sawyer, Sales Manager, Electro Ltd, Реrrу Road Estate, Oxbridge UN54 42KF
c)	Dear Mr. Sawyer,

► 4. Choose one appropriate word from the three given to write a business letter:

Dear (1- Sir/Mr. Smith/Mr. President): With (2 - relation / reference / connection) to our telephone (3 - dialogue/ chat/ conversation) I am (4 - enclosing/ posting/ including) our latest catalogue. I (5 - shall/ will/ would) be grateful (6 - that/ if/ when) you (7 - may/ should/ could) come to see us on Wednesday 5th June at 11.00 a.m. to discuss our business. If this date is not (8 - correct/ comfortable / convenient) I would (9 - want/ like /appreciate) (10 - if/ whether/ when) you could give me a ring. If you have any further (11 - problems / questions/ inquiries) please do not (12 - pause / delay / hesitate) to (13 - connect / contact/ correspond) us again. In the meantime, I (14 - look / expect / wait) forward to (15 - listening / hearing / seeing) from you. (16 – Regards / Yours faithfully / Love), J. Black

► 5. Read the phrases and decide if they are used in 1) an enquiry, 2) an offer or 3) an order. Write one business letter using some of the given phrases. Follow the typical layout.

a)	We have pleasure in informing you that your quotation for … was received by us, and now we enclose our order … We thank you for your quotation of 6th May enclosing the sample of your product and are pleased to accept it. We are pleased to establish business relationships and are placing a trial order for …with you. In confirmation of our telephone conversation of… we are pleased to enclose our trial order for … with you. We are looking forward to your prompt confirmation of the order. We would be much obliged if you would supply the following as soon as possible. We find however that the prices you have quoted are too high. The alternative is for you to adjust your prices by reducing them by 5%. Enclosed you will find our order. / Attached to this you will find …
b)	We are interested in ... produced by your company. We saw your product at the exhibition and would ask you to send us your latest catalogue. We are interested in purchasing ... from your company. We are in the market for... We would like to buy / be obliged if you could quote your best prices and terms of delivery and payment. Please send us your samples of your product / full details of the products / latest catalogue of goods and a price-list. We should like you to give us a quotation for ... Your prompt reply will be appreciated.
c)	We thank you for an enquiry for our product... In reply to your enquiry for... Thank you for your letter of... in which you express your interest in our product. We thank you for your enquiry for ... and would like to inform you that we can make you an offer. May we draw your attention to the enclosed samples of products manufactured by our company. By today's post we have sent you samples of... You will be interested to hear about our latest products that we have just introduced onto the market. We have pleasure in offering you …

SCIENCE AND PROGRESS

► 1. Give some synonyms to the following words:

1) to update - 2) efficient - 3) to manufacture -

4) intellectual – 5) an experiment – 6) advantages –

► 2. Answer the questions about the computer:

a) arrange the types of computers according to the size. Start from the largest ones: a mainframe, …

a desktop, a laptop, a mainframe, a minicomputer, a notebook, a palmtop, a PC, a workstation;

b) match the parts of a computer to their names in Russian:

a keyboard, a modem, a monitor, a mouse, a mouse pad, a printer, a scanner, disk drive;

c) what kind of storage device do you prefer, a floppy disk (a floppie), a CD (a compact disk), a DVD (a digital versatile disk), or a flash memory card?

► 3. Search the internet to learn more about the invention of the telephone, the internet, electricity, copying machines, etc.

► 4. Think about the last time you worked on a PC. You created a document, didn’t you? What was the document for? Put the verbs that describe typical word processing activities in a logical order:

- to click on an icon - to delete irrelevant information - to edit a document - to enter data, information, pictures in a file - to exit (to escape) a program - to insert a picture (a graphic, a table) - to open a file

- to print - to save a backup copy - to select a symbol, a character - to store information - to switch off - to switch on - to type

► 5. How often do you use the internet? What do you use internet for? Use the suggested verbs to talk about it.

- to connect to internet - to be on-line (to be on the Net) / to be off-line - to surf the Net - to search information by key words - to use hyperlinks in the web pages - to have access to a website - to bookmark a web page - to download the data - to create a website - to visit a corporate website regularly - to find foreign exchange rates - to gather information on other companies - to check the weather forecast - to organize video-conferencing

- to recruit people on the website - to have e-commerce - to trade on-line - to access an e-mail account - to use banner ads and keyword advertising - to check e-mail - to receive a message, a text, graphics, sounds and animated images - to forward a message to - to reply by e-mail to - to attach spreadsheets and word-processed documents to an e-mail - to delete e-mails

► 6. Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct form:

In recent years scientific and technological developments (1 - to change) life on our planet.

Today science and technology (2 - to relate) closely. Many modern technologies such as nuclear power and space flights (3 - to depend on) science and the application of scientific knowledge and principles. Science (4 - to create) new opportunities for the development of new ways of making things to be used in daily life. In turn, technology (5 - to provide) science with new and more accurate instruments for its investigation and research.

When we (6 - to speak) of technology today, we (7 - to mean) industrial technology or the technology that (8 - to begin) 200 years ago with the development of power driven machines, mass production of goods that (9 - to create) the basis for our modern society. The future generations (10 - to live) in a more advanced age of science and technology.

The scientific revolution, that (11 - to begin) in the 16th century, (12 - to be) the first time when science and technology (13 - to start) working together. Galileo, who (14 - to make) revolutionary discoveries in astronomy and physics, also (15 - to build) an improved telescope and a system of lifting water. However, it (16 - not to be) until the 19th century that technology truly (17 - to base) on science.

Millions of people (18 - to benefit) from the advance of science and technology. Antibiotics (19 - to save) many lives. Today’s video machines, recorders, washing machines, microwaves and fridges (20 - can / to program) with the owner’s instructions. Everywhere we (21 - to go) we (22 - to use) computer technology to process information.

Most of us (23 - to take) computers and information systems for granted. Whether it (24 - to be) good or bad, society (25 - to reach) the point of no return in its dependence on computers. Stiff business competition (26 - to mean) their continued and growing use. On a more personal level, we (27 - not to want) to give up the everyday conveniences made possible by computers.

Manufacturing companies (28 - to face) with growing necessity of automation. An increase in the number of industrial robots (29 - to lead) to loss of jobs. But just as the industrial revolution (30 - to create) hundreds of new job opportunities so will the information revolution. It is hoped that new, more challenging jobs (31 - to appear).

In a sense, the history of science and technology (32 - to be) the history of all humankind.

► 7. Answer the questions to the text from Exercise 6 in the written form:

1) What do you think is initial: science or technology? 2) In what way has our life changed in recent years? 3) What opportunities do science and technology create? 4) What do we mean by technology today? 5) When did the scientific revolution begin? 6) Who created telescope?

7) Do people and business benefit from the advance of science and technology? Give examples. 8) Are there more advantages or disadvantages in using computers? Give some grounds. 9) What new technologies do you know? 10) Can you imagine your life without new technologies and which ones?

►8. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1) Several new office machines have been introduced in the company lately.

2) The methods we have just described are very effective.

3) These computers will have to perform millions of operations per second.

4) The experiment to be carried out is of great importance for our research.

5) I think the computer program will be established by tomorrow.

6) Scientific and engineering progress opens up wide prospects before man.

7) Many houses with all modern conveniences are being built in this part of the city.

8) We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatisfactory.

9) The peoples know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.

10) The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.

► 9. Translate the sentences into English:

1) Интернет предлагает огромные возможности.

2) Интернет – источник информации, новый путь к образованию.

3) Преимущества новых технологий очевидны.

4) Инновации часто бывают результатом конкуренции.

5) Трудно ожидать защиты прав потребителей при покупке через Интернет.

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

►1. Continue the list of interesting names and facts (3-4 examples) connected with the United Kingdom:

Do You Know That …

Albion, the word used in some poetic or rhetorical contexts to refer to England, was the original Roman name for Britain. It may come from the Latin word albus, meaning “white”. The white chalk cliffs around Dover on the south coast are the first part of England to be seen when crossing the sea from the European mainland. Britannia is the name that the Romans gave to their southern British province (which covered, approximately, the area of present-day Eng­land). It is also the name given to the female embodiment of Britain, al­ways shown wearing a helmet and holding a trident (the symbol of power over the sea).

The Tower of London has been used as a fortress, a prison, a mint (монетный двор), a zoo, a museum and a royal residence. It is still one of the royal residences of the British monarchs.

Big Ben is the name of the biggest bell on the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster. It was called after Benjamin Hall who supervised the building of the palace.

The City is the commercial centre of London governed by the Lord Mayor and Corporation of London. It is also known as the Square Mile of Money.

The Bank of England is also known as The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street as it stands in Threadneedle Street, which used to be a tailors' street.

► 2. Complete the sentences about the UK:

1) The island of Great Britain comprise … . 2) The British climate is influenced by … . 3) The most famous rivers in the UK are … . 4) As for the mountains, …. 5) The UK is rich in … . 6) This country exports … and imports …. 4) In the 19^th century Britain’s supremacy in industry was the product of … .

7) The capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the capital of England is … , the capital of Scotland is …., the capital of Wales is … and the capital of Northern Ireland is … . 8) The population of the UK … . 9) Such cities as … are of special interest because …

10) …, the capital of the country, stands on the river Thames. 11) This city is known for … . 12) … is the financial center of London, indeed of the whole Commonwealth. 13) From Westminster, we drive to …, the residence of the Royal Family.

14) Great Britain is a … monarchy. 15) … is Head of State. 16) Executive power belongs to … headed by … . 17) Parliament consists of … and … . 18) Talking about the political parties in the UK, … . 19) The court system of the UK … 20) And now some words about the UK monetary system: … . 21) I know many English writers and poets, such as … . 22) You can get from Moscow to the UK by … .

► 3. Have you got any experience of the United Kingdom in your life: in business, education, tourism, art, etc.? Give a few examples of this.

► 4. Compare the legislative, executive and judicial branches of power of the Russian Federation and of the United Kingdom. Give some names, for example Mr. Medvedev, Elizabeth II. You can draw schemes.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

► 1. Read the following eight paragraphs about the history, government and politics of the United States and reconstruct their logical order.

a) The standard way to refer to a citizen of the United States is as an American.

b) The federal government is composed of three branches: legislative (the Congress), executive (the President and the Cabinet), and judicial (the Supreme Court).

c) The United States of America (or the United States, the U.S., the USA or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. Washington D.C. is the capital of the country.

d) The United States has had a two-party system for most of its history. The Republican Party is considered conservative, and the Democratic Party is liberal.

e) The nation was founded by thirteen colonies of Great Britain located along the Atlantic ocean. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain.

f) The leadership role taken by the United States and its allies in the UN-sanctioned Gulf War, under President George H. W. Bush, and the Yugoslav wars, under President Bill Clinton, helped to preserve its position as a superpower.

g) In the 19^th century, the United States acquired land from France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii.

h) The United States is the world’s oldest federation. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S Constitution.

► 2. In the last decade of the 20^th century the “Celebrate the Century” stamp series was issued to commemorate the most significant people, events, and achievements of the 20^th century. Below are the names or the contents of 20 stamps referring to various decades.

Find two stamps for each decade. For example: 1990s – s) and t).

1900s - 1940s - 1970 s-

1920s - 1950 s- 1980 s-

1930s - 1960 s- 1990 s-

a) disco music appeared; b) one third of the working people in the U.S. were women and millions of women served as volunteers; c) Charles Lindberg performed the first non-stop solo trans-Atlantic flight; d) Barbie doll sales reached 5.000.000 dolls by the beginning of that decade; e) videocassette recorders for home use appeared; f) improving the quality of education: setting high standards, reducing class size, supporting teachers, access to new technology; g) commercial television began; h) drive-in theatres attracted many Americans; i) jazz spread all over the USA; (Keys are after exercise 4)

j) the low-priced 4-cylinder 20- horsepower Model T Ford made the automobile affordable for average American; k) Martin Luther King delivered his speech “I Have a Dream”; l) the first space shuttle “Columbia” was launched; m) film “Titanic” was shown all over the world; n) Berlin Wall falls; o) rock’n’roll appeared; p) “Gone with the Wind” was written by Margaret Mitchell; q) the Wright brothers made the first controlled flight in an airplane; r) the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco was built; s) Steven Spielberg directed the film “Jurassic Park”; t) extreme sports appeared.

► 3. Classify the following statements and expressions according to the titles of the table below:

Native Americans	Outstanding people	Culture	Languages	Science and technology	Attractions

- The Empire State Building; - Jack London; - African American culture contributed greatly to the American culture; - Theodore Dreiser; - Chinese (2.3 million speakers); - after World War II rocketry and computer sciences developed rapidly; - the largest Indian tribe is the Navajo, living in the south-west; - Marilyn Monroe; - Martin Luther King; - Hollywood; - the Grand Canyon; - the core of the American culture is a western culture which developed from the traditions of Western European migrants;

- Ernest Hemingway; - Spanish (32.2 million speakers); in the early 20th century the first assembly line and airplane appeared; - Walt Disney; - George Washington; - Americans are a multicultural nation; - English (216.2 million speakers); - a leader in scientific research and technological innovation since the late 19th century; - the first people began arriving in America about 40,000 years ago; - Abraham Lincoln; - the Yellowstone National Park; - Louis Armstrong.

► 4. Do you agree or disagree with the statements about Americans?

- -	-	0	+	+ +
strongly disagree	disagree	don’t know	agree	strongly agree

1. Americans want more than anything to be successful. 2. They work very hard. 3. Most people in America have two or three holidays a year. 4. The colonists brought from England the ideal of a simple, good and godly life. 5. Americans think the best government is one that leaves men to prosper unhampered. 6. Americans are extremely hospitable people.

7. American values remained unchanged in the course of its history. 8. Many Americans are impressed with size: to them “bigger” and “better” seem to mean the same. 9. Americans differ from Europeans in that we descended from those who stayed, and they from those who moved away. 10. Wall Street is the center of the American finance business.

Keys to ►2: 1900s – j,q 1940s – g,b 1970s – a,e

1920s- I,c 1950s – o,h 1980s – n,l

1930s - p,r 1960s – k,d 1990s –m,f,s,t

► 5. Answer the following questions about the United States of America:

1) What continent, Africa, Asia or America, is the USA located in? 2) What is the capital of the United States? 3) Is the USA a monarchy or a federal constitutional republic? 4) What happened on July 4, 1776? 5) What are the main political parties in the USA?

6) How many states does the USA consist of? 7) Who is the current President of the USA? 8) What attractions do you know in the USA? 9) What outstanding Americans do you know?

SOCIALIZING

If you haven’t understood the question, ask to repeat:
S orry? Pardon me? Come again? I didn’t quite catch what you’ve said. Could you repeat, please? Could you explain a little further?	What do you mean? Am I right to understand that … Are you saying that … Excuse my interrupting you but … Sorry for breaking you … Sorry for troubling you …

When you need time to think, you say:
Thank you for your question. Let me see … Well, I think … Let’s put it this way … I’ll have to think about that. How shall I put it?	The best way I can answer that is… That’s a good question … That’s a difficult question … If my memory serves me right, … Just a moment, please.

When you don’t want to answer a question, you say:

I am sorry but it is a personal question. I’d rather not answer.

When you ask somebody for an opinion, you say:
What would you say to …? What’s your opinion of …? What do you think of …?	How do you find …? How do you feel about? What is your attitude to …?
When you express your opinion, you say:
As for me … To tell you the truth … I would say that … Frankly speaking … Honestly … I suppose … I feel …	I believe … As far as I’m concerned … As I see it … In my opinion … If you want my opinion, … In my view …

When you need to clarify what you’ve said, you say:
In other words … Let me paraphrase that. Actually what I mean is …	Actually what I am talking about is … The matter is … Let me put it differently.

+ When you agree, you say:	- When you disagree, you say:
Yes, that’s right. Of course! Certainly! Exactly! Just so. It’s true. I see your point. I quite agree with you here. I couldn’t agree more. I think so, too. I also think that … I should think so. That’s fine with me. It’s just what I was thinking.	On the contrary. Of course not! Certainly not! Just the other way round. I don’t think so. I don’t agree at all. Not that I would agree. That’s not the point. You can’t say that. That’s wrong. Rubbish. N onsense. You must be crazy.

When you are not sure, you say:
Yes, but … On the other hand, … I’m afraid I don’t agree. I don’t think you are right. Yes, that’s quite true but …	I’m not quite sure. What would you say to the fact that …? I doubt if … The chances of … are rather slim.

When you react to the news, you say:
to show polite interest:	to show joy:
Oh, really! How interesting, indeed. I see. How nice.	Wonderful! Great! That’s good news! How nice, indeed!
to show surprise:	to show regret:
Oh, really! Really? I can’t believe it! You don’t say that! I’m surprised!	Oh, I’m (so) sorry. Well, it’s a pity, indeed. That’s bad news.

When you start a presentation, you say:	When you signpost your presentation, you say:
T his morning I’d like to review … The subject (topic) of this presentation is … What I am going to explain this afternoon is … What I’ll be proposing in my presentation is …	I’ll be developing three main points. First, I’ll give you … Second, … Lastly, … Firstly, I’d like to … Secondly, we can … And I’ll finish with … My presentation will be in two main parts. In the first part I’ll … And then I’ll …

When you start a new part of the presentation, you say:	When you explain something in your presentation, you say:
I’ll begin by … Let’s start with … If I could now turn to … My next point is … Now, turning to … Let me now move to … So that’s the general picture for … and now let’s look at … That completes my overview of … so now I’d like to move on to …	The main explanation for this is … A particular reason is … A key problem is … There are two reasons (explanations) for this. This can be explained by two factors. First (ly), … Second (ly), … One reason for this is … Another reason is … This is due to … and also to …

When you build up a conclusion in your presentation, you say:

When you answer the questions on your presentation, you say:

So, to summarize (to sum up) … At this stage I’d like to go over (to run through) … So, as we have seen in this presentation today, … As I have explained, … I have a copy (a handout, a calculation, a document) which I’ll be passing now. In the folder which I’ll be distributing you’ll see … I’d be happy to answer any questions. I would welcome any comments (suggestions). Thank you for your attention.

Yes, I quite see your point. That’s an accurate observation. However, … But the company … On the other hand, if we consider … But the evidence is there that … I’m afraid I’m not the right person to answer that. Mr. Black is a much better person to answer that. I’m not sure this is the right place (time) to discuss this particular question. Could we leave that till later?

ТАБЛИЦА НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ

Инфинитив	Past Simple	Past Participle	Перевод
be	was / were	been	быть
become	became	become	становиться
begin	began	begun	начинать
break	broke	broken	ломать
bring	brought	brought	приносить
build	built	built	строить
burst	burst	burst	разрываться
buy	bought	bought	покупать
catch	caught	caught	ловить
choose	chose	chosen	выбирать
come	came	come	приходить
cost	cost	cost	стоить
cut	cut	cut	резать
deal	dealt	dealt	иметь дело
do	did	done	делать
draw	drew	drawn	рисовать, тащить
drink	drank	drunk	пить
drive	drove	driven	ехать
eat	ate	eaten	кушать
fall	fell	fallen	падать
feed	fed	fed	кормить
feel	felt	felt	чувствовать
fight	fought	fought	бороться
find	found	found	находить
forget	forgot	forgotten	забывать
forgive	forgave	forgiven	прощать
freeze	froze	frozen	замерзать
get	got	got	получать, становиться
give	gave	given	давать
go	went	gone	идти, ехать
grow	grew	grown	расти
hang	hung	hung	висеть, вешать
have	had	had	иметь
hear	heard	heard	слышать
hide	hid	hid / hidden	прятать
hit	hit	hit	ударять
hold	held	held	держать
keep	kept	kept	хранить
know	knew	known	знать
lay	laid	laid	класть
lead	led	led	вести
leave	left	left	уезжать
lend	lent	lent	давать взаймы
let	let	let	позволять
lie	lay	lain	лежать
light	lit	lit	освещать
lose	lost	lost	терять
make	made	made	делать, заставлять
mean	meant	meant	значить
meet	met	met	встречать
pay	paid	paid	платить
put	put	put	класть
read	read	read	читать
ride	rode	ridden	ездить верхом
ring	rang	rung	звонить
rise	rose	risen	подниматься
run	ran	run	бежать
say	said	said	сказать
see	saw	seen	видеть
seek	sought	sought	искать
sell	sold	sold	продавать
send	sent	sent	посылать
set	set	set	заходить
shake	shook	shaken	трясти
shine	shone	shone	светить
shoot	shot	shot	стрелять
show	showed	shown	показывать
shut	shut	shut	закрывать
sing	sang	sung	петь
sink	sank	sunk	тонуть
sit	sat	sat	сидеть
sleep	slept	slept	спать
speak	spoke	spoken	говорить
spend	spent	spent	тратить
spread	spread	spread	распространяться
stand	stood	stood	стоять
steal	stole	stolen	красть
stick	stuck	stuck	клеить
strike	struck	struck	ударять
swear	swore	sworn	клясться
sweep	swept	swept	мести
swim	swam	swum	плавать
swing	swung	swung	качать
take	took	taken	брать
teach	taught	taught	обучать
tear	tore	torn	рвать
tell	told	told	рассказывать
think	thought	thought	думать
throw	threw	thrown	бросать
understand	understood	understood	понимать
wake	woke / waked	woken / waked	будить
wear	wore	worn	носить
win	won	won	выигрывать
write	wrote	written	писать

СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЁН ГЛАГОЛОВ

В ИЗЪЯВИТЕЛЬНОМ НАКЛОНЕНИИ АКТИВНОГО ЗАЛОГА

	Past	Present	Future
Simple (Indefinite) V обычные, регулярные, повторяющиеся действия, факты	V²ed did not V Did …V?	V (s) do / does not V Do / Does … V?	will V will not V Will … V?
	I, You, He, She, It, We, They asked / wrote	I, You, We, They ask He, She, It asks	I, You, He, She, It, We, They will ask
	yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 2009, when … V²ed, When …?	always, every day, often, usually, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, never	tomorrow, next year, in 2 days, in a month
Progressive (Continuous) be + V ing действия, происходящие в определённый момент	was / were V ing was / were not V ing Was / Were… V ing?	am / is / are V ing am / is / are not V ing Am / Is / Are … V ing?	will be V ing will not be V ing Will … be V ing?
	I, He, She, It was asking You, We, They were asking	I am asking He, She, It is asking You, We, They are asking	I, You, He, She, It, We, They will be asking
	this time yesterday, at 2 p.m. yesterday, while he was V ing …, when he V²ed	now, at the moment, at present, this moment, today, tonight, still, nowadays, while he is V ing	this time tomorrow, at 10 a.m., when we V / when he Vs
Perfect have + V³ ed действия, предшествующие определённому моменту речи, результат	had V³ ed had not V³ ed Had … V³ ed?	have / has V³ ed have / has not V³ ed Have / Has … V³ ed?	will have V³ ed will not have V³ ed Will … have V³ ed?
	I, You, He, She, It, We, They had asked / written	I, You, We, They have asked / written He, She, It has asked / written	I, You, He, She, It, We, They will have asked / written
	by yesterday evening, by midnight, after / before … V²ed	never, ever, just, yet, already, lately, recently by 7 o’clock, this week, since 2009, for 2 months	before, by, by then, (un) till noon
Perfect Continuous have been + V ing длительные действия, продолжающиеся или законченные к определённому моменту речи	had been V ing had not been V ing Had … been V ing?	have / has been V ing have / has not been V ing Have / has … been V ing?	will have been V ing will not have been V ing Will …have been V ing?
	I, You, He, She, It, We, They had been asking	I, You, We, They have been asking He, She, It has been asking	I, You, He, She, It, We, They will have been asking
	for half a year, since May, when … V²ed	for 2 months, since 2009, How long …?	for a week, by next year

V = verb (глагол); Ved = правильный глагол + окончание “ed”; V² = вторая форма неправильного глагола (см. таблицу / словарь);

V³ = третья форма неправильного глагола (см. таблицу / словарь); в будущем времени местоимения I / We употребляются с will или shall.

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