Word List:

	Science	[′saiən(t)s]	наука
	origin	['ɔri:dℨın]	походження
	observation	[ˏɔbzə′vei∫ən]	спостереження
	according to	[ə′kɔ:diŋ]	відповідно до , згодно, по
	actual	[´ækt∫uәl]	фактичний, реальний, чинний
	Egypt	['i:dℨipt]	Єгипет- Arab Republic of Egypt
	Babylonia	[ˏbæbi´ləuniə]	Вавілонія (древня держава на півдні Месопотамії)
	Greek civilization	[ˏsıv(ə)lai′zei∫ən]	Цивілізація (щабель розвитку суспільства)
	to flourish	[´flΛri∫]	процвітати, процвітати, бути в розквіті (сил), бути на вершині (про людей, починання)
	antiquity	[æn´tikwəti]	класична стародавність, античність
	Thales	[´θeili:z]	Фалес Милетський
	Pythagorus	[paiˏθægə´rəs]	Піфагор
	Aristotle	[ˏæristɔ´tl]	Аристотель
	Archimedes	[ˏa:ki´mi:dis]	Архімед
	Owe We owe this idea to Greek philosophy.	[əu]	бути в боргу (перед ким-н.) Цю ідею ми успадкували від грецької філософії.
	Renaissance	[rə´neis (ə)n(t)s]	Ренесанс, епоха Відродження
	contribution	[ˏkɔntri´bju:∫(ə)n]	внесок, коштовні досягнення
	prevailing	[pri´veiliŋ]	пануючий, переважаючий, домінуючий, переважний
	universe	[´ju:nivə:s]	вселена, космос
	Ptolomy	[´taləmi]	Птоломей
	Nicolaus Copernicus		Копернік
	assume	[ə´sju:m]	приймати, брати на себе (відповідальність, керування) допускати; припускати
	to advance	[əd´va:n(t)s]	Випереджати, висувати
	confront	[kən´frΛnt]	протистояти, чинити опір

2. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions (if necessary)

1. the courage required ____ advance an idea of this nature

2. it operates _____"laws"

3. more than 2000 years _____our era

4. _____ Archimedes we owe the first application _____ mathematics

5. to show desire to know _____ their environment

6. _____ the period _____ the Greeks to the Renaissance

7. . true progress in science did not begin _____ about the sixth century

8. and that all of them moved _____ the sun.

3. До слів у стовпчику зліва підберіть групу синонімів із стовпчика справа. При визначенні слова орієнтуйтесь на текст

1. courage A. outstanding , predominant , prevalent

2. confront B spring , basis , cause, root, source

3. assume C world , creation, space

4. universe D calculate , fancy, imply, presuppose, propose

5. prevailing E current , present

6. actual F backbone , fortitude, nerve

7. origin G oppose, encounter

4. Поставити чотири типи питань (загальне, спеціальне, розділове, альтернативне) до одного й того ж речення.

a) Archimedes discovered some of the basic laws governing mechanisms and floating bodies.

b) Nature is knowable, that it operates according to "laws"

c) Science had its origin in some distant era

5. Визначте видо-часові форми та стан підкреслених дієслів та вкажіть їх неозначену форму, перекладіть ці речення українською мовою.

IW #2 AUTOMATION

1. Read and translate the text in a written form.

1. Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

2. The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

3. Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.

4. Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.

5. In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.

6. The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.

7. Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.

8. Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operations.

9. More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.

10. Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.

11. Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small computers are used in systems called word processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on.