Is the pleural effusion a transudates or exudates?

Sign	Transudates	Exudates
Comparative density	< 1,015-1,018	>1,018
Rivalt test	Negative	Positive
Protein	<30 g/l	>30 g/l
Pleural fluid protein/serum protein ratio	<0,5	>0,5
LDH	<1,6 mMol/l	>1,6 mMol/l
Pleural fluid LDG/serum LDG ratio	<0,6	>0,6
Erythrocytes	<10*109/l	>100*109/l
Leucocytes	<1*109/l	>1*109/l
PH	>7,3	<7,3
Glucose	3,3-5,5 mMol/l	<3,3 mMol/l

Materials for self-control (added)

7. Reference source

• Olga Kovalyova, Tetyana Ashcheulova Propedeutics to internal medicine, Part 1. – Vinnytsya: NOVA KNYHA, 2006. – p. 119-137.

Professor assistant Demchuk A.V.

Test for self-control

1. What is a spirometry?

a. Measuring airflow and lung volumes during a forced expiratory maneuver from full inspiration

b. Measuring inspiratory volume

c. Measuring tidal volume

d. Measuring airflow

e. All mentioned above

2. Which parameters can be measured with open spirometry?

a. FEV1, FVC

b. TLC, RAV

c. O₂ saturation

d. O₂ consumption

e. all mentioned above

3. Which types of the ventilation disorders do you know?

a. obstruction

b. restriction

c. mixed

d. all mentioned above

e. northing mentioned above

4. If patient’s FEV1 is low and FVC is normal, he has…

1. Normal lung function

2. Restriction

3. Obstruction

4. mixed disorder

5. Northing mentioned above

5. If patient’s FVC is low and FEV1 is normal, he has…

1. Normal lung function

2. Restriction

3. Obstruction

4. mixed disorder

5. Northing mentioned above

6. What is the lower limit of the normal parameters of lung function?

1. 100% from predicted

2. 90% from predicted

3. 85% from predicted

4. 80% from predicted

5. 70% from predicted

7. Ratio FEV1/FVC is used for diagnostics of

1. Severity of lung function disorders

2. Types of lung function disorders

3. This ratio is obsolete and now is useless

4. Patient’s constitution

5. Northing mentioned above

8. What is a peak flowmetry?

1. Measuring speed of the airflow

2. Measuring expiratory volume

3. Measuring inspiratory volume

4. Measuring vital capacity

5. Measuring minute volume

9. What is pulse oximetry?

1. Non-invasive method of estimation O₂ saturation

2. Measuring blood gas (CO₂ and O₂) pressure

3. Measuring blood O₂ concentration

4. Method of measuring pulse and respiratory rate

5. Method of measuring pulse and pulmonary blood pressure

10. What is normal level of the O₂ saturation?

1. 75-80%

2. 80-85%

3. > 70%

4. > 90%

5. 85-90%

11. What is diagnostic indication for bronchoscopy?

1. Suspected lung cancer

2. Slowly resolving pneumonia

3. Interstitial lung disease

4. Pneumonia in the immunosuppressed patients

5. All mentioned above

12. What is therapeutic indication for bronchoscopy?

1. aspiration of mucus plugs causing lobar collapse

2. removal of foreign bodies

3. stopping lung bleeding

4. aspiration purulent copious sputum at the debilitated patient

5. All mentioned above

13. Which radiologic method of lung examination is routinely used?

1. Computed tomography

2. Magnetic resonance imaging

3. Bronchography

4. X-ray

5. Nothing from above

14. Which radiologic method of lung examination has the highest level of resolution for distinguishing the smallest lung structures?

1. Computed tomography

2. Magnetic resonance imaging

3. Bronchography

4. X-ray

5. Nothing from above

15 Which method of sputum examination is used for establishing the pathogen of pneumonia?

1. General macro- and microscopic

2. Cytological

3. histological

4. Cultural

5. Northing from above

16. Which method of sputum examination is used for establishing revealing tuberculosis mycobacterium?

1. Microscopic with Gram staining

2. Microscopic with Ziehl-Nielsen staining

3. Microscopic with Romanovskiy-Himza staining

4. Microscopic without staining

5. Macroscopic

17. Which method of sputum examination may help to establish lung cancer?

1. General macroscopic

2. Cytological

3. General microscopic

4. Cultural

5. Northing from above

18. How long should be sputum transported to laboratory for bacteriological investigation?

1. Urgent delivery

2. Under 1 hour

3. Under 2 hours

4. Under 24 hours

5. Under 24-72 hours

19. Which property could not transudes have?

1. Light yellow color

2. Protein 60 g/l

3. Negative Rivalt test

4. 1-5 leucocytes

5. 2-3 epitheliocytes

20. Which property could not exudates have?

1. Light yellow color

2. Protein 60 g/l

3. Negative Rivalt test

4. 15-20 leucocytes

5. 5-7 epitheliocytes