Part VII

I. Copy the sentences. Underline the Subjective Infinitive Complex with 1 line, the Objective Infinitive Complex with 2 lines. Translate the sentences

1. We know building to be one of the most ancient human professions. 2. The scientists believe the Egyptian pyramids to have been made by a casting method.

3. Glass is said to have been invented 2,000 years ago.

4. Civil engineering is supposed to be a very broad field.

II. Copy the sentences. Underline Participial Constructions. Translate the sentences

1. Using the term "construction" we mean the erection and repair of all types of structures.

2. Being affected to chemical attacks building materials can change their properties.

3. People moving to urban places from rural parts of the country, the proportion of urban dwellers is increasing constantly.

4. All questions having been settled, we began testing a specimen of a wall panel.

III. Copy the sentences. Define the tense-form of the predicates. Translate the sentences

1. If we use reinforced concrete blocks in construction the high degree of mechanization and standardization will be achieved.

2. If you visited the Building Exhibition, you would see new types of finishing materials.

3. If you had used a computer, your data would have been more accurate.

IV. Copy the sentences. Underline predicates and define their tense and voice. Translate the sentences

1. The apartment houses are mostly built to suit urban conditions.

2. Modern industrial buildings have demonstrated the advantages of plastics and ceramics.

3. Windows have been designed for the best possible lighting and ventilation.

V. Read the text Translate the paragraphs 1, 2 ,3 in a written form

From the history of Civil Engineering

1. It is known that the part played by civil engineers in pioneering work and in developing wide areas of the world has been and continue to be enormous.

2. Civil engineering was not distinguished from other branches of engineering until 200 years ago. This term was first used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from military engineering. Most early engineers were considered to be engaged in construction of fortifications. They were responsible for building the roads and bridges required for the movement of troops and supplies.

3. We believe the Roman armies of occupation in Europe to have had brilliant engineers. After the collapse of the Roman Empire there was little progress in communications. It was only with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the invention of steam engine and realization of the potentialities in the use of iron that it revived. Roads, canals, railways, ports, harbours and bridges are supposed to be built then by engineers who called themselves "civil" in contrast to military engineers. This may have emphasized the value of their work to the community.

4.The scope of civil engineering becoming very broad, it is subdivided nowadays into such kinds as construction (all kinds of buildings), highways and railways engineering, hydraulic engineering (canals, dams, drainage and irrigation systems) and municipal engineering (city planning, traffic regulation, water supply, and sewerage).

5. The term "structural engineering" means particularly the calculation and design of all kinds of structures whose strength is mostly provided by steel, reinforced, prestressed or precast concrete, or other alloys. This work involves a great deal of mathematics and consultations from several different professions.