VII. Read the statements. Mark with the letter "t" if the statement is true and with "f" if the statement is false

1. Since its invention time Portland cement had been evolving the compressive strength until the beginning of the war.

2. High alumina cement and puzzolanas aren't the modifications of Portland cement which have some particular qualities.

3. Modern cements can be ground now perfectly well which results partly in the increase in their strength.

4. If you want to prepare a high-quality concrete, choose the best cement you have. Don't bother about any aggregates and mixes and some other factors.

Part IV

I. Copy the sentences. Underline predicates and define their tense and voice. Translate the sentences

1. Some new building materials are being used on our construction site now.

2. We often face brick walls with plastic tiles.

3. Speeding up construction has been made possible through using all kinds of building equipment.

II. Copy the sentences and translate them

1. Little was done on the construction site without new methods of construction.

2. Since the Middle Ages, brickwork has been in constant use everywhere.

3. Man had to protect himself against the environment and sustain himself in the conflict with nature.

III. Copy the sentences using proper tense-farms of the verbs given in brackets. Translate the sentences

1. My sister (to inform) me that she would move into a new flat not far from the artificial lake.

2. The workers let me know that they (to have been paid) generously for their hard work.

3. The student was asked what he (to know) about housing construction in Ukraine.

IV .Copy and translate the complex sentences with asyndetical subordinate clauses

1. Experts say this material combines strength with plasticity.

2. The cranes our plant produces may be seen anywhere in Ukraine.

3. The construction site my brother is working on is in the center of Kharkiv.

V. Copy the sentences. Underline infinitives, Participles (I or II), Gerunds and define their functions. Translate the sentences

1. It is possible to decrease the building costs by using prefabrication.

2. Every flat will have built-in furniture to_save space, and a convenient balcony.

3. The layout of the factory will depend largely on the type of product to be manufactured.

VI. Read and copy the text, given below. Translate it in a written form

Notes:

aggregate - заповнювач

to grind up (ground, ground) — розмолоти

fire- resistant - вoгнетривкий

alkali-slag concrete — глиноземний шлакобетон

Concrete

1. It is difficult to imagine modern structure without concrete. Concrete is the very building material which led to great structural innovations. The most important quality of concrete is its property to be formed into large and strong monolithic units. The basic materials for making concrete are cement, aggregate and water. Cement is the most essential and important material for making concrete of high quality. Cement is made of limestone and clay. It is burnt at high temperature and ground up into powder. Depending on the kind and composition of the raw materials different types of cement are obtained. Portland cement, blast furnace cement are suitable for putting up marine structures.

2. Concrete is made by mixing cement, water, sand and gravel in the right amount. As soon as it is thoroughly mixed it is poured into forms that hold it in place until it hardens. Cement starts hardening one hour after the water has been added and the process of hardening lasts for about twenty-eight days. The process is called concrete curing.

3. The characteristics of concrete depend upon the quality of the materials used, grading of the aggregates, proportioning and amount of water. The most important requirements for concrete are: it should be strong, hard, durable, fire-resistant and economical. Concrete may be divided into two classes: mass or plain concrete and reinforced concrete where it is necessary to introduce steel. Plain concrete can be used for almost all kinds of buildings. Reinforced concrete is used for building bridges and arches, dams and dock-walls, for under-water structures, for foundations, columns, beams and so on.

4. At present two types of new building materials are successfully used by our builders: alkali-slag concrete and silica concrete. Silica concrete is light, acid-proof and contains no cement. It is widely used in aviation and in under water constructions.

VII. Read the statements. Mark with the letter “T” if the statement is true and with "F" if the statement is false

1. You need cement, aggregate and water to make concrete.

2. Cement starts hardening twenty-eight hours after the water has been added.

3. Builders use reinforced concrete while erecting all kinds of structures.

4. Reinforced concrete as well as silica concrete can be used in under water constructions.

Part V

I. Copy the sentences. Underline predicates and define their tense and voice. Translate the sentences

1. Concrete began to find serious use in the construction industry only after the

appearance of Portland cement.

2. The need for tall buildings is increasing rapidly.

3. During the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered.

II. Copy the sentences and translate them

1. Up-to-date industry has evolved out of many centuries of man's activities in the field of construction.

2. During the 1800s, numerous people were experimenting with the combined use of iron or steel and concrete.

3. Doing their work properly, the builders could erect a stadium on time.

III. Copy the sentences using proper tense-forms of the verbs given in brackets. Translate the sentences

1. The chief engineer (to tell) us that great attention had been paid to ensure the safety of workmen.

2. The teacher asked the students if they (to know) a new technique introduced in the building of a new department store.

3. The builders (to hope) that new insulating materials would be non-corrosive to metals when wet or dry.

IV. Copy and translate the complex sentences, with asyndetical subordinate clauses

1. A great number of elements we use for construction are made off site.

2. Many thousands of years ago there were no houses people live in today.

3. We decided we should use the tower crane for hoisting the heavy elements.

V. Copy the sentences. Underline infinitives, Participles (I or II), Gerunds and define their functions. Translate the sentences

1. Common example of beams are the steel beams used to support floors in buildings.

2. To erect tall buildings without using building mechanisms is now unthinkable.

3. The ancient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building purposes.

VI. Read and copy the text, given below. Translate in a written form

Notes:

prestressed concrete — попередньо-напружений бетон

shallow-section members — елементи малого перерізу

unrestricted floor space - необмежена площа