5. Choose one of the options to fill in the gaps.

1. We ___ our staying in this hotel very much.

a) endured b) enjoyed c) enclosed

2. Babies cannot take pills. You should grind the pill into ___ and mix it with liquid to give it to a child.

a) power b) pour c) powder

3. This heater ___ much electricity.

a) consumes b) costumes c) constitutes

4. Special clothing ___ Polar researchers from overcooling.

a) prescribes b) prevents c) predicts

Grammar Practice

1. Try to explain the use of all the articles in the text. Note that some nouns are used without articles. Why?

2. Find combinations Preposition+Noun in the text. Put them into two lists: a) combinations where the preposition is translated as a corresponding preposition; b) combinations where the preposition is rendered in a different way.

3. Find all -ed verb forms in the text. Define their functions.

6. Why Do Cut Apples, Pears, Bananas and Potatoes Turn Brown?

to bruise	пом’яти, побити	oxidation	окислення
rust	іржа	cutlery	ножові вироби
preservative	захисний	corrosion	іржа
sulfur dioxide	сірчаний ангідрид	oxides	оксиди
tyrosine	тирозин	rate	швидкість

Apples and other products (e.g., pears, bananas, peaches, potatoes) contain an enzyme (called polyphenol oxidase or tyrosinase) that reacts with oxygen and iron-containing phenols that are also found in the apple. The oxidation reaction basically forms a sort of rust on the surface of the fruit. You see the browning when the fruit is cut or bruised because these actions damage the cells in the fruit, allowing oxygen in the air to react with the enzyme and other chemicals.

The reaction can be slowed or prevented by inactivating the enzyme with heat (cooking), reducing the pH on the surface of the fruit (by adding lemon juice or another acid), reducing the amount of available oxygen (by putting cut fruit under water or vacuum packing it), or by adding certain preservative chemicals (like sulfur dioxide). On the other hand, using cutlery that has some corrosion (as is seen with lower quality steel knives) can increase the rate and amount of the browning by making more iron salts available for the reaction.

Speech patterns

to prevent by + Gerund	запобігти шляхом чогось
The reaction can be slowed or prevented by inactivating the enzyme with heat.	Цю реакцію можна уповільнити чи запобігти їй шляхом деактивації ензимів теплом.
to prevent from + Gerund	зашкодити чомусь
Nothing can prevent him from achieving his goal.	Ніщо не може зашкодити йому досягти своєї мети.

1. Complete the crossword using the words from the text:

						2
		1
				4
2	3

Horizontally:

1) any of various alloys based on iron containing carbon; 2) a clear colourless tasteless odourless liquid that is a neutral substance, an effective solvent for many compounds, and is used as a standard for many physical properties.