1. Say whether these statements are true or false.

1. Scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have developed an artificial tree. 2. The device splits water into oxygen and hydrogen. 3. To supply a house with its daily electricity requirement one should place the device into boiling water. 4. The first device with similar properties was designed in the 19^th century. 5. The new device is highly efficient compared to conventional solar panels.

2. Give synonyms to the following words from the text:

a team, a scientist, artificial, a device, a component, to store, to generate, requirement, research, expensive, to use, to operate, conversion, a challenge, to attach, typically, eventually.

III. Reading in Mechanical Engineering

1. Gripper Like a Hand

gripper	захват; гріпер	fragile	тендітний
flexible	гнучкий	disparate	відмінний
a jaw	щелепа	isosceles triangle	рівнобедрений трикутник
to rotate	обертатись	a slat	поперечина; планка
to pick up	піднімати	to attach	приєднувати
a part	деталь	a hinge	шарнір
predefined	раніше визначений	a bearing	підшипник
to confuse	сплутати	to pivot	обертатись
to clasp	затискати	to accommodate	пристосовувати
diverse	різноманітний	reinforcement	зміцнення
despite	незважаючи на	sintering	спікання
to surround	оточувати	to fuse	плавити
a series of	ряд; набір	bellows	роздувальні міхи
a shape	форма	to print out	випускати
light bulb	лампочка	a strip	смужка; стрічка
to wrap	огортати

“Flexible” is a word not usually associated with robotic grippers, and for good reason. Robotic grippers can open and close their jaws and rotate all they want, but most are engineered to pick up only one specific part fixtured in one predefined orientation. No one would confuse this with a truly flexible gripper – your hand, for example – that can clasp and manipulate objects as diverse as a penny, a ball, or a fork.

Festo AG’s new FinGripper shows one new approach to changing this paradigm. The company put it on display at Germany’s Hanover Fair this past April. Despite being surrounded by swimming and flying robotic penguins, the FinGripper drew a large crowd of engineers.

Based on the flexible structure of a fish’s tail, Festo’s FinGripper is flexible enough to grasp a series of differently shaped light bulbs without damaging the glass.

What they saw were the three plastic “fingers” that made up FinGripper’s hand wrapping around each of three differently shaped light bulbs, and lifting and rotating them 90 degrees. The gripper had a touch so light it could manipulate the fragile bulbs without breaking any glass, and so flexible it could grasp one disparate shape after the other.

The key to FinGripper’s performance is the “Fin Ray” structure of its three “fingers,” which move like the flexible tail of a fish. (This is something Festo learned from studying how penguins and fish swim.)

Each FinGripper finger looks like an elongated isosceles triangle with a series of slats running between the two long sides. The slats are attached to the side with hinges, which act like bearings. When the triangular finger wraps around an object, such as a light bulb, the slats pivot to accommodate the motion while providing the reinforcement needed for a firm grip.

Festo made the grippers directly form CAD drawings using selective laser sintering, which fuses one layer of plastic at a time until the structure is complete. The company powers the three fingers with a pneumatic bellows.

“We haven’t optimized the design yet,” said Markus Fischer, a Festo designer who leads the company’s efforts to translate biological capabilities into industrial applications. “We thought it would break after 10,000 to 100,000 cycles, but so far it has lasted 5 million cycles.”

Like natural systems, Festo’s FinGrippers have evolved. “The grippers either worked as a system or not at all,” Fischer said. “The first ones we printed out were not so good. They needed thicker walls and bearings on the strips going across.”

“Festo wants to use the technology for industrial robotics”, said Fischer. Potential applications include aquaculture and agriculture, where the FinGripper could sort fragile objects like tomatoes.

Speech Patterns

He is clever enough not to do such a mistake.	Він достатньо розумний, щоб не робити такої помилки.
This is too good to be true.	Це занадто добре, щоб бути правдою.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. Where was the gripper presented first? 2. What do the fingers of the gripper resemble? 3. What material are the fingers of the gripper made of? 4. What are the fingers of the gripper powered from? 5. How long has the gripper been working? 6. Where can the gripper be applied?

Exercise 2. Give synonyms to the following words from the text:

diverse, a shape, to rotate, to damage, fragile, a series of, good, to use.