4. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text.

1. Mendeleyev classified the elements according to their chemical ___.

2. Ozone ___ protects our planet from aggressive ultraviolet radiation.

3. Electric current is ___ in amperes.

4. Any substance that flows is called a ___.

5. Translation can never be ___ with the original.

Grammar Practice

1. Find all the occurrences of the verb “to have” in the text. Explain their function. Give your own example for each function of the verb.

2. Find all -ing verb forms in the text. Explain their functions. Give your own example for each function.

3. Put down all Attributive constructions from the text into 2 lists where: 1) a noun is an attribute; 2) an adjective or a participle is an attribute.

22. Hygienic Surfaces, Biocidal And Self-cleaning Coatings

coating	покриття	to incorporate	включати
to refer to	стосуватися	a particle	частинка
to provide	надавати	a circuit	коло; схема
to achieve	досягати	processing	обробка
treatment	обробка	to obtain	отримувати
to acquire	набувати	resin	смола
capacity	здібність; здатність	ceramic	керамічний

It is well known there is a great interest in the design and development of the so-called “hygienic surfaces”, referring to surfaces that not only provide biocidal activity but also to those that are easy to clean and even self-cleaning. Achieving these properties on a surface is possible by means of coatings and treatments on specific surfaces, and in which nanotechnology plays a key role. Most of these coatings acquire their biocidal / self-cleaning capacity by incorporating specific nano-particles: basically silver (Ag) and titanium oxide (TiO_2.). The development of these coatings is key mainly in sectors such as architecture and construction, textiles, heat exchangers, air conditioning circuits, hygiene-health (hospitals, schools) and food processing. Various methods and technologies are currently used for obtaining such biocidal effect of surfaces, e.g. by incorporating nanoparticles in organic resins (in ceramic matrixes).

Remember how to read some Latin abbreviations

Written form	Pronunciation	Translation
e.g.	for example	наприклад
i.e.	that is	тобто
etc.	and so on	тощо

Speech patterns

This stain	is easy	to clean without special detergents.	Цю пляму легко (складно, неможливо) відіпрати без спеціальних миючих засобів.
	is difficult
	is impossible

1. Say whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.

1. Self-cleaning properties are achieved by means of adding soap.

2. The technology uses nano-particles of gold.

3. The technology is vital for food industry.

2. Give synonyms to the following words:

to provide, activity, by means of, treatment, to acquire, a sector, currently.

3. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text.

1. A varnish dries to a hard, glossy and transparent ___.

2. Protons, neutrons and electrons are only three of the more than 200 subatomic ___ that are known.

3. An electric ___ is a closed loop through which charges can continuously move.

4. He ___ success by means of hard work.

5. Nitric ___ is often referred to as Laughing Gas.

Grammar Practice

1. Give as many derivatives as possible to the following words:

activity, possible, construction.

2. Find all the sentences in the Passive Voice in the text. Explain the use of Passive in these sentences. Give your own examples of sentences with the same structure.

3. Find all -ing forms of verbs in the text. Define their functions as: 1) the Gerund; 2) the Participle; 3) the Verbal Noun.