Although/ Though / Even though بالرغم من
She was in poor health. She continued to carry out her duties.
Although she was in poor health, she continued to carry out her duties.
لاحظ ترتيب الجمل مع although / though / even though حيث أن الحدث غيرا لمتوقع يأتي في الجملة الثانية .
و في المثال السابق نجد أن الحدث غير المتوقع هو she continued to carry out her duties
In
spite of
Despite علي الرغم من + n. / -ing / adj.+ n.
Although the car's old, it still runs well.
In spite of being old, the car still runs well.
There has been international pressure. Progress has slowed in the peace talks.
Despite international pressure, progress has slowed in the peace talks.
+
جملة
Despite the fact that
Although she joined the company only a year ago, she's already been promoted twice.
Despite joining the company only a year ago, she's already been promoted twice.
Despite the fact that she joined the company only a year ago, she's already been promoted twice.
يمكن استخدام as بمعني "بالرغم من" وفي هذه الحالة يكون ترتيب الجملة كالتالي:
Adj + as + فاعل + فعل
Though it may seem strange, I like housework.
Strange as it may seem, I like housework.
و يمكن استخدام though بنفس الطريقة السابقة:
Strange though it may seem, I like housework.
أحيانا تستخدم while بمعني although:
While there was no conclusive حاسم evidence, most people thought he was guilty.
يمكن استخدام التصريف الثالث بعد although إذا كانت الجملة أصلا في المبني للمجهول:
Although built a long time ago, the house is still in good condition.
= Although the house was built a long time ago, it is still in good condition.
But / However / Yet
They rushed to the hospital. They were too late.
They rushed to the hospital, but they were too late.
They rushed to the hospital; however, they were too late.
They rushed to the hospital. However, they were too late.
He is young. He is strong.
He is young, but he is strong.
He is young. However, he is strong.
لاحظ أنه إذا بدأت الجملة بـ However يأتي بعدها الصفة أو الحال ثم الفاعل و الفعل وفي هذه الحالة يكون معناها بالرغم من (= although)
He studied hard. He got low marks.
However hard he studied, he got low marks. = Although he studied hard, he got low marks.
While + past continuous ---------------past simple
I bought a magazine while I was waiting for the train.
إذا جاء فعل to be بعد while يُستخدم في الماضي البسيط:
I read the book while I was on the plane.
My car was stolen while I was on holiday.
في حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد الكلمات الآتية يُستخدم فعل مضاف له ing :
While / after / before
They were killed while attempting to reach the summit.
= They were killed while they were attempting to reach the summit.
After signing the papers, they left the office.
=After they had signed the papers, they left the office.
Before getting the licence, he had passed the test.
=Before he got the licence, he had passed the test.
When + فاعل + فعل = On + V+ing
When he left university, he got a job as a scientist.
On leaving university, he got a job as a scientist.
Exercises
on Grammar
Choose the correct answer:
I've read the book, (but – so – if – when) I haven't seen the film yet.
(Because – Although – So – When) I have not seen him before, I knew who he was.
(In spite – Although – Despite – Because) being nearly 60 years old, Ali still plays football every week.
He was happy (although – despite – as well as – as) he got 98% in the maths test.
She didn't understand the homework, (despite - so – because – while) she asked her teacher to explain it again.
(While – Because – Although – So) he was on holiday, my brother met an old friend.
(Although – Therefore – But – While) visiting Egypt, most tourists take photos.
(While – But – Besides – After) he graduated, he worked in an oil company.
After (typed – had typed – types – typing) the reports, she saw a movie.
(As – Although – On – As soon as) seeing the robbers, she called the police.
(During – As soon as – After – Before) I went to sleep last night, I read my book.
(After – Although – Despite – But) we'd never met before, we got on very well.
(Even though – Therefore – As well – Despite) being very tired, I continued working.
(As soon as – While – So – Although) flying into Cairo, I saw the Pyramids of Giza.
I only met Naguib Mahfouz once, (as - but – besides – because) I've long been interested in his life.
(Although – Because – So – As soon as) his father was a school teacher, his wider family was wealthy and influential in the world of banking.
He was unhappy at school (although – because – so – but) he was regularly bullied.
While he (is – was being – was – had been) at Oxford, he wrote a few poems.
He didn't earn enough money at first, (so – while – as well as – not only) he wrote book and film reviews.
(Although – Owing to – So – Despite) being known as a difficult man, I got on very well with him.
(While – Despite – After – Because) graduating, he became a journalist.
(Because – Although – But – besides) he got a good job, he was not happy.
(So – But – After – Although) working for local newspapers, he wrote for a national paper.
(As – Although – Through – On account of) he enjoyed travelling, he visited many different countries.
His early novels were not successful, (although – as well as – so – through) he could not give up his job as a journalist.
Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
On met Graham Greene in Mexico, I was very impressed by the man.
Although moving to the healthy air of Switzerland, he died in 1991.
What I was on holiday, I took some great photos.
On heard the good news, everyone smiled and clapped.
Despite we ran as fast as we could, we missed the bus.
After he losing his job, Ali worked for a children's charity.
She phoned me but she wanted to know what time I was leaving home.
They told him he was sure to pass the test, so he didn't believe them.
Because it never usually rains in Egypt, some European tourists bring umbrellas with them.
It's my mother's birthday soon, because I want to buy her a present.
We couldn't buy the newspaper despite the shop was closed.
Although really enjoying the book you lent me, I haven't finished it yet.
My father would have taken you to the airport, because you didn't ask him.
On they saw the road accident, the cars drove more slowly.
After played football, the boys had a shower.
Before gone to bed, Ali did his science homework.
I'd like to work as a research scientist before I graduate.
When answered the phone, I heard a small child.
She walked home by herself, because she knew that it was dangerous.
He managed to eat a big lunch even though having eaten an enormous breakfast.
Language Functions:
Giving warning |
Replies |
Be careful! (This is a really busy road) |
It's OK. (I wouldn't cross if a car was coming). |
If you don't (take care), you will (fall off the ladder) |
Don't worry. I'll be careful. |
Watch out! (There's a snake in front of you) |
Thank you for your warning. |