Folk music

In the same way that cultures have their own festivals, they also have their own traditional folk music: a particular style of music that uses different instruments.

Unlike other kinds of music, folk music usually develops in local communities. Even in one country, different areas, cities and villages often have their own distinctive styles. For example, the traditional music of Cairo is different from the music of other parts of Egypt. Distinctive styles developed because, in the past, most people were born and lived their lives in one village or one small area. Music was individual, not influenced by music from other areas.

Today, most modern music is written as entertainment. Most folk music, however, has a special purpose. Folk songs, for example, were made up to describe important historical events, to help people get through their day's work, or to sing babies to sleep. Until recent times, folk music was not written down. Children learnt it from their families, friends or neighbours.

The musical instruments used in folk also vary from place to place. The people of Upper Egypt, for example, often play the rababah, an instrument like a violin; the simsimiyya is the instrument of the Suez area. The oud is common in the folk music of Cairo. Once, it was taken to Europe, where it evolved into a number of modern Instruments.

Today, travel and modern technology have made it possible for anyone to listen to music not just from other areas, but from other cultures around the world. Because of this, distinctive folk music could disappear in future. With this in mind, it is our responsibility to do everything we can to protect the traditional music of our countries, our regions and our communities.

Definitions:

celebrate	to do something special because it is a special occasion, or because something good has happened
drum (n)	a round musical instrument which you play by hitting it with your hand or a stick
fireworks	small objects that explode or bum with a coloured light, used for celebrating special events
landmark	something that helps you recognise where you are, such as a famous building
mark (v)	to show that something is happening, especially an important event or change
position (n)	the place where someone or something is in relation to other things
procession	a line of people or vehicles moving slowly as part of a ceremony
distinctive	showing a person or thing to be different from others
event	something that happens, especially something important, interesting or unusual·
evolve	to develop or make something develop gradually
folk	traditional and typical of the ordinary people who live in a particular area
responsibility	if something is your responsibility, it is your duty to make sure that it is done
vary	if things of the same type vary, they are all different from each other

Language Notes

 قبل أسماء الفصول يمكن استخدام أو عدم استخدام the:

●It usually snows here in (the) winter.

۩ Snow الثلج (قطرات الماء المتجمدة التي تسقط من السماء)

۩ Ice الثلج أو الجليد (الماء عندما يتجمد ويصبح ثلجا)

● Outside the snow began to fall.

● Would you like ice in your juice?

 except (for) فيما عدا / باستثناء

 Everyone went to the show except for Scott . (Scott was..)

Scott was the only one who didn’t go to the show.

ملاحظات علي استخدام except / except for :

1- نستخدم except فقط قبل حروف الجر وأدوات الربط:

 It's the same everywhere except in Scotland.

 He's good-looking except when he smiles.

2- يستخدم الاسم أو ضمير المفعول بعد except / except for :

 Everybody understands except me.

 We are all ready except for her.

3- لاحظ أن except that يأتي بعدها جملة:

I know nothing about him except that he lives in Cairo.

Accept + n يقبل accept an invitation / an apology اعتذار / a present / a bribe رشوة

Expect to + inf. يتوقع

Expect … will

 He accepted my invitation to the party.

 She expects to find a good job soon.

 I expect that she will pass the test.

۩ differ (from) يختلف ۩ differ about / on / over يختلف بشأن

۩ differentiate between … and … يميز الفرق / يبين الاختلاف

۩ differentiate … from … يميز الفرق / يبين الاختلاف

People differ from one another in their ability to handle stress.

The two lawyers differed about how to present the case.

It's important to differentiate between fact and opinion.

Its unusual nesting habits differentiate this bird from others.

۩ musician عازف ۩ composer مُلحن

He is a talented young musician

My favourite composer is Beethoven.

۩ تُستخدم even للدلالة علي شيء غير متوقع:

Most companies have suffered a drop in their profits, even very large companies.

It was quite difficult to see, even with the light on.

۩ تُستخدم even مع الصفات في حالة المقارنة:

This will make our job even more difficult.

۩ queue طابور من الناس (بغرض الحصول علي شيء)

۩ line )queue) صف (من الناس أو الأشياء ويمكن أيضا أن تستخدم بنفس معني

۩ row صف من الناس أو الأشياء

There was a queue of people waiting for the bus.

There was a long queue to get into the cinema.

I looked in despair at the long line in front of the ticket office.

There was a line of trees on either side of the road.

The kids were standing in line waiting for their teacher.

The children were asked to stand in a row.

۩ Have something (nothing / a lot) to do with له أو ليس له علاقة بـ

His job has nothing to do with telephones.

I don't know what he does exactly, but I know it has something to do with computers

۩ It + be something (nothing) to do with له أو ليس له علاقة بـ

My job is/has nothing to do with teaching.

Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:

Choose the correct answer:

1. (Fieldwork – Framework – Teamwork – Fireworks) can be very dangerous, so they shouldn't be given to young children.

2. We scored a goal because the other team's goalkeeper was in the wrong (position – perfection – prevention – promotion).

3. The Eiffel Tower in Paris is one of the world's most famous (landmines – landmarks – landslides – landlords).

4. Forty members of our family got together to (accelerate – collaborate - celebrate – concentrate) my grandfather's birthday.

5. If you hit them hard, (drums – violins – pianos – guitars) make a very loud noise.

6. A (succession – recession – procession – commission) of about twenty thousand people moved slowly towards the king's palace.

7. New Year (communications - celebrations – confessions – depressions) in Scotland go on for three days.

8. Van Gogh, perhaps Holland's most (calculated – cancelled - celebrated – captured) artist, died in poverty.

9. He became a sporting (celebrity – ability – activity – capability) after winning the gold medal.

10. A (dreamer – hammer – mourner - drummer) is someone who plays drums.

11. The object you hit a drum with is called a (drumbeat – drum machine – drum set – drumstick).

12. A (position – composition – preposition – supposition) is the place where someone or something is in relation to other things.

13. (Steelworks – Masterworks – Networks - Fireworks) are small objects that explode or bum with a coloured light, used for celebrating special events.

14. A (line – row - procession – queue) is a line of people or vehicles moving slowly as part of a ceremony.

15. To (donate – celebrate – volunteer - develop) means to do something special because it is a special occasion, or because something good has happened.

16. A/an (drum – accordion – piano - guitar) is a round musical instrument which you play by hitting it with your hand or a stick.

17. A (landmark – landfill – landlady - landscape) is something that helps you recognise where you are, such as a famous building.

18. To (start – make – mark - bring) is to show that something is happening, especially an important event or change.

19. If things of the same type (agree – vary – meet – demand), they are all different from each other

20. A/An (accident – condition – circumstance - event) is something that happens, especially something important, interesting or unusual.

21. If something is your (responsibility – rapidity – reliability – relativity), it is your duty to make sure that it is done.

22. (Yolk – Folk – Walk - Chalk) means traditional and typical of the ordinary people who live in a particular area.

23. To (revolve – involve – revolt - evolve) means to develop or make something develop gradually.

24. Young people are (adaptable – responsible – adjustable - admirable) for protecting their country's folk music.

25. I don't understand the (deduction – direction – distinction - dissection) between who and which.

26. You can buy this shirt in (various – venomous – victorious – suspicious) colours.

27. The (evolution – pollution – resolution - distribution) of the internet has taken place over the last twenty years.

28. Our local university offers a (velocity – variety – viscosity – vicinity) of language courses.

29. It is (advisable – desirable – admirable - irresponsible) to drive dangerously especially in towns or cities.

30. The concert was a charitable (accident – condition - event – revenge) to collect money for the poor.

31. The guitar is a musical (machine – device – instrument – technique).

32. Whatever you think of Eliot's poetry, it's certainly (distinctive – addictive – additive – attentive).

33. His opinion was supported by (historian – hysterical – historical – historic) facts.

34. It was highly (irresistible – irritable – repairable – irresponsible) of him to leave the children on their own in the pool.

35. The Chinese New Year (festival – capital – classical – funeral) takes place between the 21^st of January and the 19^th of February.

36. Nearly all cultures celebrate a good (contest – harvest – forest - first) because it means that they will have food for the next year.

37. Sham El-Nessim is a festival that (makes – merges – marks – parks) the beginning of spring.

38. Folk music usually develops in (international – global – coastal – local) communities.

39. Folk music is a particular (style – function – bunch – quantity) of music that uses different instruments.

40. If you want to be a poet, you must (dissolve – revolve – solve – evolve) your own style of writing.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:

1. Different areas have distorted styles of folk music.

2. In the past, most people born and lived their lives in one small area.

3. In the past, music was indivisible, not influenced by music from other areas.

4. Today, most modern music is written as enrolment.

5. Folk music uses different musical installments.

6. Most folk music has a special propose.

7. Composers are skilled in playing music, usually as a job.

8. Today, we can listen to music from other captures around the world.

9. It is our immobility to do everything we can to protect the traditional music of our country.

10. Mothers sometimes use folk songs to sing their fathers to sleep.

11. With this aim in brain, the school uses modern technology to facilitate learning.

12. Children teach folk music from their families, friends or neighbours.

13. His views different considerably from those of his parents.

14. I accept he will get the job. I know he is very clever.

15. How do you usually cellophane New Year?

.

Verbs + ing

۩ الأفعال الآتية يأتي بعدها فعل مضاف له ing:

admit	يعترف	resist	يقاوم
avoid	يتجنب	resume	يستأنف
dislike	يكره	put off	يؤجل
enjoy	يستمتع	delay	يؤخر
finish	ينهي	postpone	يؤجل
practise	يمارس	necessitate	يُحتِم / يستلزم
suggest	يقترح	can't help	لا يستطيع أن يمنع نفسه من
spend (time)	يقضي	fancy	يتخيل
risk	يخاطر	imagine	يتخيل
include	يشمل	complete	يُكمل
miss	يفتقد	deny	ينكر
appreciate	يُقدِر	involve	يتضمن
consider	يفكر في	understand	يفهم
celebrate	يحتفل	endure	يتحمل

۩ الأفعال الآتية يأتي بعدها to + inf.:

agree	يوافق	threaten	يهدد
arrange	يرتب	swear	يُقسم
decide	يقرر	refuse	يرفض
expect	يتوقع	volunteer	يتطوع
hope	يأمل	prepare	يستعد
learn	يتعلم	decide	يقرر
offer	يعرض	pretend	يتظاهر
plan	يخطط	fail	يفشل
promise	يعد	choose	يختار
seek	يسعي إلي	manage	يتمكن
want	يريد	seem	يبدو
deserve	يستحق	tend	يميل
request	يطلب	wish	يرغب
guarantee	يضمن	determine	يصمم
hesitate	يتردد	hurry	يسرع
prove	يثبت / يبرهن

۩ الأفعال الآتية يأتي بعدها to + inf. أو فعل مضاف له ing بدون اختلاف في المعني:

hate	يكره	like	يحب
love	يحب	prefer	يفضل

۩ ولكن لاحظ أنه إذا استخدمنا would قبل الأفعال السابقة فانه يأتي بعدها to + inf.

I'd like to finish my work early today.

I'd prefer to drink coffee.

۩ الأفعال و الظروف الآتية يأتي بعدها inf. فقط بدون to:

had better	ينبغي	would rather	يفضل
let	يسمح	make	يرغم

She would rather stay at home.

Let me have a look at that letter.

۩ الأفعال الآتية يمكن أن يأتي بعدها to + inf. أو فعل مضاف له ing مع وجود اختلاف في المعني:

stop	يتوقف	forget	ينسى
remember	يتذكر	regret	يأسف

Remember to + infinitive يتذكر أن يقوم بعمل شيء

He remembered to close the gate. تذكر أن يغلق البوابة.

Remember + gerund يقوم بعمل شيء ثم يتذكر أنه فعله

He remembered seeing the man. = He saw the man and later remembered.

Forget to + infinitive ينسي أن يفعل شيئا (لم يفعله)

 Nadia forgot to meet the customer. = She didn't meet the customer.

Forget + gerund يفعل شيئا ثم ينسي أنه فعله

Nadia forgot meeting the customer.

= She met the customer but then couldn't remember the occasion.

Regret to + infinitive يشعر بالأسف لأن يقول أو يخبر شخص شيئا ما

 He regretted to say that my brother had an accident.

= He was sorry that it was necessary to say it.

Regret + gerund يشعر بالندم علي شيء حدث

 He regretted saying that my brother had an accident.

= He was sorry that he had said it.

Try to + infinitive يحاول عمل شيء (وغالبا لا ينجح)

 Try to open the door. = See if you can open the door.

The prisoner tried to escape, but he was caught.

Try + gerund يقوم بعمل شيء ليري نتيجته / يُجرب عمل شيء))

A: I have a bad headache.

B: Try taking an aspirin. = Take an aspirin and see the result.

Stop to + infinitive يتوقف لكي يفعل شيئا

He stopped to read his newspaper.

= He stopped what he was doing to read the paper.

Stop + gerund يتوقف عن عمل شيء

 He stopped reading his newspaper. = He had read what he wanted to read.

ينفي الفعل المضاف له ING باستخدام not:

 Thank you for not coming late.

 I apologize for not posting your letter.

Prefer +V-ing+ to + ING

 I prefer using the internet to watching TV.

لاحظ استخدام v + ing بعد to فى التعبيرات الآتية:

take toيعتاد علي	object toيعترض
be used toمعتاد	look forward to يتطلع إلي
be accustomed to معتاد	get round to يجد الوقت لـ
get used to يعتاد علي	in addition to بالإضافة إلى
own up to يعترف بـ	contribute to يسهم في
lead to يؤدي إلى	be opposed to معارض لـ
due to بسبب	thanks to بفضل
owing to بسبب

 يستخدم فعل مضاف له ING بعد التعبيرات الآتية:

be busy مشغول	Be worth يستحق
have difficulty (in) يجد صعوبة في	It’s a waste of money مضيعة للمال
It’s no good = It’s no use لا فائدة من	It’s a waste of time مضيعة للوقت
There is no point in لا فائدة من	Feel like يود/ يريد
Can’t stand لا يحتمل	How about
What about	Don't mind

Examples:

She has difficulty (in) breathing.

It's a waste of money buying that house.

I feel like having a cold drink.

Exercises on Grammar:

Choose the correct answer:

1. I like (do – done – does – doing) exercise every day.

2. I hate (to get – gets – got – to getting) water in my eyes.

3. They are going home as soon as they have finished (to work – works – working – worked).

4. They hope (to get – getting – of getting – get) a job they enjoy doing.

5. I learnt (swim - to swim – swam – to swimming) when I was three years old.

6. He dislikes (sleeps – slept – to sleeping – sleeping) during the day.

7. The children enjoyed (to play – with playing - playing – played) in the sea.

8. He admitted (to borrow – borrow – borrowed – borrowing) my pen without asking me.

9. The driver of the car (avoided – planned – offered – hoped) hitting the motorbike.

10. I've tried (read – with reading - to read – reads) that book, but I don't understand it.

11. Do you want (coming – came – comes - to come) to my party.

12. What do you (avoid - plan – finish – practise) to do in the summer?

13. She offered (helping – help - to help – helped) her mother prepare lunch.

14. Ali has decided (studying – studied – of studying - to study) science at university.

15. The boys have arranged (to play – playing – play – plays)football after school.

16. Leila stopped (to listen - listening – listened – to listening) to the radio when she had heard a loud knock on the door.

17. I'll ever forget (found – to find - finding – founded) that rare old coin in the garden. I was only 12 then.

18. She was doing exercise, then she stopped (listening - to listen – listened – listen) to the radio.

19. I remember (phoning – to phone – phoned – phones) my cousin in America a month ago. He told me a lot about his stay there.

20. Did you remember (posted – post - to post – posting) my letter? – Oh, I completely forgot.

21. I have always regretted (not having – not to have – have – not have) studied harder at school.

22. British Airways regret (announce – announced - to announce – announces) the cancellation of flight BA205 to Madrid.

23. When the children stopped (singing – to sing – sung – sang), everyone clapped. They liked the song very much.

24. They expect thousands of people (visiting – visited - to visit – visits) Sapporo for the Snow Festival next year.

25. My brother is learning (playing – play – plays - to play) the oud.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:

1. I remember switch off the lights when I went on holiday a week ago.

2. Remember switched off the lights when you go out, please.

3. We are looking forward to go out at the weekend.

4. I tried running after the dog, but I was too slow.

5. He'll never forget to spend so much money on his first computer. The one he has now is much cheaper.

6. My friend is always busy does his job.

7. She managed solved the problem.

8. She doesn't feel like to work on the computer.

9. Everyone agreed of meeting at the airport.

10. He prefers to flying to Europe.

11. My friend suggested went for a picnic on the beach.

12. Leila promised phoned her mother as soon as she got to school.

13. She loves cook for her family.

14. Do you expect finish your work early today?

15. Musicians practise play their instruments for many hours a day.

Language Functions:

Expressing likes	Expressing dislikes
I'm a big fan of …	I'm not keen on …
I prefer …	I don't enjoy …
I quite like …	I dislike …
I love …	I can't stand …
I'm mad / crazy about …	I hate / detest …

Test on Unit 12

A- Language Functions

1- Respond to the following situations:

1. You would like to find out what music your friend likes. What do you say?

2. A friend asks you what sort of music you enjoy.

3. You want to find out if your friend plays a musical instrument.

4. A friend asks you whether there is any sort of music you don't like.

2- Say Mention the place , the speakers and the language function in each of the following two mini-dialogues: