Passive Verbs: Past & Present

تتكون صيغة المبنى للمجهول من To Be + p.p. : ويستخدم فعل to Be في نفس زمن الجملة:

Simple presentمضارع بسيط : am / is / are + PP.		 People speak English in England. English is spoken in England.
speak/speaks	is/are spoken
Present Cont.:مضارع مستمر am / is / are + being + PP.		 Someone is watering my garden. My garden is being watered.
is/are watering	is/are being watered
Simple pastماضي بسيط : was / were + PP.		 They played chess last night. Chess was played last night.
played	was/were played
Past Cont.ماضي مستمر : was / were + being + PP.		 I thought they were following me. I thought I was being followed.
was/were following	was/were being followed
Present perfectمضارع تام : have / has been + PP.		 I have read the report. The report has been read.
have/has read	have/has been read
Past perfectماضي تام : had been + PP.		 I knew why they had arrested him. I knew why he had been arrested.
had arrested	had been arrested
Future simple : مستقبل بسيط will be + PP.		They will sell their old car. Their old car will be sold.
will sell	will be sold
Future perfectمستقبل تام : will have been + PP.		 She will have done all the exercises. All the exercises will have been done.
will have done	will have been done
Simple modalsالأفعال الناقصة : can/should/have to/used to/be to/may…etc+ be+ PP.		 They used to do the shopping on Monday. The shopping used to be done on Monday.  She might send the e-mail. The e-mail might be sent.
used to do	used to be done
Perfect modals: الأفعال الناقصة التامة should have/could have/might have ..etc + been + PP.		 He should have called the police. The police should have been called.  He could have paid the bill. The bill could have been paid.
should have called	should have been called

الأفعال الناقصة هي:

can / could will / would shall / should may / might

have to / has to / had to ought to need to needn’t

used to be going to will have to

 They will have to cancel the match.

The match will have to be cancelled.

يمكن استخدم get بدلا من be عند التحويل إلى المبنى للمجهول وذلك مع أفعال معينة مثل:

get arrested / get killed/ get married / get divorcedبطلق / get caught يقبض علي/ get elected ينتخب/ get lost / get hurt / get beaten يهزم/ get delayed يتأخر / get confused يرتبك / get burnt / get damaged / get firedيفصل من العمل / get run overيصـدم

The members of the council elected him.

= He was elected by the members of the council.

= He got elected by the members of the council.

لا بد من استخدام الفاعل + by مع أفعال معينة مثل:

build / invent / discover / design / write / damage / compose / destroy

Marconi invented the radio.

This radio was invented by Marconi.

الجملة المنفية تظل منفية في المبنى للمجهول:

don’t / doesn’t am not / isn’t / aren’t + PP.

didn’t wasn’t / weren’t + PP.

They don't sell butter here.

Butter is not sold here.

 They didn’t send the letters.

The letters weren’t sent.

و تكون الجملة منفية أيضا إذا بدأت بكلمات مثل Neither / No one / Nobody

 Neither of them attended the meeting.

The meeting wasn’t attended by any of them.

في حالة وجود مفعولين يمكن أن نبدأ بأي منهما في المبنى للمجهول و لكن لاحظ استخدام حرف جر عندما نبدأ بالمفعول المباشر.

 She made me a cup of coffee. I was made a cup of coffee.

A cup of coffee was made for me.

يستخدم حرف الجر for مع أفعال معينة مثل:

buy / build / find / order / make / leave / save / get / keep. (for)

يستخدم حرف الجر to مع أفعال معينة مثل:

give / bring / lend / offer / pass / read / sell / show / write. (to)

 He sold me his old car. His old car was sold to me.

عادة لا يستخدم الفعل let في المبنى للمجهول .و نستخدم بدلا منه الفعل allow:

 She let me use her computer. I was allowed to use her computer.

 لاحظ التحويل إلى المبني للمجهول في حالة وجود أحد الأفعال التالية :

think / say / believe / know / consider / understand / claim / expect / allege / report / suppose / fear

 People think that this building withstands earthquakes.

 يمكن تحويل هذه الجملة إلى المبنى للمجهول بطريقتين :

1) It + be + P.P. (التصريف الثالث من الفعل الأول ) + that + بقية الجمــلة

2)فاعل الجملة الثانية + to Be + PP. (من الفعل الأول) + to-inf. من الفعل الثاني للجملة

(في المضارع أو المستقبل البسيط )

فاعل الجملة الثانية + to be + PP(من الفعل الأول) + to have + PP.

(في الماضي و المضارع التام و الماضي التام)

1- It is thought that this building withstands earthquakes.

2- This building is thought to withstand earthquakes.

لاحظ انه في كلا الطريقتين يتم تحويل الأفعال السابقة إلى المبنى للمجهول:

People believe that she stole the documents.

= It is believed that she stole the documents.

= It is believed that the documents were stolen.

= She is believed to have stolen the documents.

 في حالة وجود مضارع مستمر نستخدم to be + ing :

I think he is making a plan.

It is thought that he is making a plan. = It is thought that a plan is being made.

He is thought to be making a plan.

 في حالة وجود ماضي مستمر نستخدم to be +V- ing أو to have been +V- ing

I think he was making a plan.

It is thought that he was making a plan.

He is thought to be making/ to have been making a plan.