In (a/his) car in a taxi

 We went to Alexandria in our father's car.

وتستخدم on قبل باقي وسائل المواصلات إذا سبقها شيء:

On the 6 o'clock train on the bus on the plane

 One of the passengers on the plane threatened to hijack it.

تستخدم by بطرق مختلفة:

في المبني للمجهول:

 This novel was written by Alberto Moravia.

بمعني عن طريق أو بواسطة:

 He learned English by listening to the radio.

بمعني قبل وقت معين:

 She had promised to be back by five o'clock.

 قبل النسب المئوية:

Their wages were increased by 12%.

 بمعني بالقرب من أو بجوار:

The police found a gun by the dead woman.

 لاحظ استخدام كلمة by في التعبيرات الآتية:

 by day نهاراً  by night ليلاً  by nature بطبيعته

 little by little بالتدريج  one by one واحدا تلو الآخر  by and large بصفة عامة

 play by the rules يلعب وفقا للقواعد  day by day يوما بعد يوم / بالتدريج

let + obj. + inf. يسمح بـ = allow + obj. + to + inf.

He let me use the phone. = He allowed me to use the phone.

لاحظ استخدام المقطع en في بداية أو نهاية بعض الكلمات لتكوين الفعل:

large	كبير	enlarge	يكبر/ يضخم	courage	شجاعة	encourage	يشجع
able	قادر	enable	يمكن	danger	خطر	endanger	يعرض للخطر
weak	ضعيف	weaken	يُضعف	short	قصير	shorten	يقصر
broad	واسع	broaden	يوسع	length	طول	lengthen	يطول
wide	متسع	widen	يوسع	strong	قوى	strengthen	يقوى
threat	تهديد	threaten	يهدد	hard	صلب	harden	يجعله صلبا
deep	عميق	deepen	يُعمق	ripe	ناضج	ripen	ينضج
rich	ثري / غني	enrich	يثري	cheap	رخيص	cheapen	يخفض السعر

لاحظ استخدام الاسم بعد حرف الجر in فيما يلي

3 Metres in height 5 inches in length 5 centimetres in depth

وفي حالة عدم وجود حرف جر نستخدم الصفة

3 Metres high 5 inches long 5 centimetres deep

sense verbs: (smell / taste / feel / sound / look) + Adj. تستخدم صفة بعد أفعال الحواس :

وفي حالة استخدام فعل الحواس كاسم تأتي الصفة قبله:

► That flower smells beautiful. = That flower has a beautiful smell.

► That cloth feels soft. = That cloth has a soft feel.

وتستخدم صفة أيضا بعد الأفعال الآتية:

Be – seem – appear يبدو

►She's clever. She seems ill.

لاحظ عدم استخدام حرف جر قبل كلمة home إذا جاءت مع هذه الأفعال

► (Go / return / arrive) home

Words often confused:

۩ shy خجول (بطبيعته) ۩ ashamed يحس بالذنب والخجل (بسبب خطأ ما)

► He was a quiet, shy man.

► I felt ashamed of the things I'd said to him.

۩ find يجد ۩ exist يكون موجود / يعيش

►I couldn't find Andrew's telephone number.

►I don't think ghosts exist.

►Few people can exist without water for more than a week.

۩ include يشمل ۩ contain يحتوي علي (بداخله) consist (of) يتكون من

►Tax and service are included in the bill.

►Try to avoid foods which contain a lot of fat.

►The football team consists of eleven players.

۩ company شركة / صُحبة ۩ accompany يصطحب

►He works for a company that makes software.

►It was a long journey and I was grateful for his company.

►Depression is almost always accompanied by insomnia.

Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:

Choose the correct answer:

1. Working as a secret (doctor – guide – engineer – agent) in a foreign country can be a very dangerous job.

2. In many countries, people have to carry an identity (card – letter – message – postcard) to prove who they are.

3. In Britain in the 1940s, people were afraid of an (innovation - invasion – invention – inflation) by the enemy.

4. The Romans (faded – deviated – applied – invaded) Britain in 43 BCE.

5. We saw a lot of photographs, but we couldn't (qualify – solidify – liquefy – identify) the man we'd met.

6. How did the man (deprive – improve - prove – devote) his innocence?

7. The enemy used radios to (transmit – spend – try – develop) messages to their ships.

8. They (inspected – respected - suspected – exerted) that the driver had been going very fast at the time of the accident.

9. A (suspect – detective – survivor - surgeon) is a person you think may have done a crime.

10. Someone who is not guilty is (adolescent –innocent – crescent - accomplice).

11. A (counter – interpreter – thermomter - transmitter) is equipment that sends radio signals.

12. (Deviation – Confusion – Aviation - Invasion) means entering another country to take control.

13. (Headquarters – Headbands – Headlights - Headmasters) is the place from which a company is controlled.

14. A (director – producer – consumer - spy) is a person who finds out information about another country or organisation.

15. (Depression – Amnesia – Fever - Anaemia) is being unable to remember things.

16. A (trap – trick – truck - mousetrap) is equipment for catching and killing mice.

17. (Poison – Poisonous – Poisoning - Poisoned) is something that may kill you if you eat or drink it.

18. (Cooperative – Shy – Patient - Cheerful) means nervous and embarrassed about talking to other people.

19. The crime of killing someone is called (blender – border – murder - boiler).

20. In his later life, he suffered from (paralysis – amnesia – cancer - rheumatism). He was unable to remember things.

21. She has taken part in several (excavations – exercises – exceptions - extensions) of Roman settlements across Europe.

22. The three men were convicted of (murdered – murdering – being murdered - murder).

23. He tried to kill himself by taking (vegetable – fruit – poison - protein).

24. The company decided to move its (home – house – flat - headquarters) to another city.

25. When the children met the queen, they were too (active – shy – lazy - helpful) to speak.

26. He had lost his (honesty – enmity – identity - legality) card and was being questioned by the police.

27. The police found out that the man was (innocent – guilty – criminal - shy) of the crime, so they released him.

28. She never went to school. (Included – Instead – Installed – Indebted) she was taught at home.

29. The man's strange behaviour made the police (envious – jealous – suspicious - fabulous) of him.

30. There was something wrong with the (chapter – disaster – fighter –transmitter), but the technician managed to fix it.

31. If you (do – make – have – act) a crime, you must expect to be punished.

32. (Geology – Biology – Archaeology- Meteorology) is the study of the buried remains of ancient times.

33. He was seriously (wounded – buried – handed - rammed) by an enemy bullet.

34. She took the (impress – depress – reckless - express) train to London.

35. The police have (evident – evidence – affluence - challenge) that the killer was a woman.

36. The marks of the prisoner's fingers on the gun (believed – disbelieved – proved - bored) that he was the guilty man.

37. The prisoner will be (stay – set – sit - slip) free next week.

38. She's always (trying – dying – crying - spying) on her neighbours.

39. The police found the radio transmitter (hide – hiding – hidden to hide) in the bathroom.

40. He stayed in a small hotel (on – of – with - in) the coast.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences and write them correctly:

1. The government employed two secret accountants to get information about other countries.

2. The police are trying to discover the density of a baby found by the side of a road.

3. She lives in a big house over locking the sea.

4. Finding the spies will help to save the country from indication.

5. In the way back to his hotel, he was arrested by the police.

6. All the hostages were finally split free.

7. With everyone's surprise, the young girl won the competition.

8. This new evidence will prove the old man's innocent.

9. He fell in the river but his friend deceived him from drowning.

10. She was too spy to ask anyone for help.

11. The site has been executed by archaeologists.

12. The room was 3 metres width.

13. He travelled by his brothers' car.

14. He consisted milk and butter on his shopping list.

15. Since tiring from the company, she has done voluntary work for a charity.

.