4.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:

1	to ensure conformity to a norm	A	исправительные учреждения
2	to accept something as valid	B	прекратить ч.-л.
3	correctional institutions	C	нарушить правила
4	system of rewards and punishments	D	исправить поведение
5	coercive and repressive	E	опираться на силу
6	to adjust behavior	F	применять санкции к к.-л. за нарушение закона
7	unofficial capacity	G	правонарушитель
8	to bring back into line	H	занимать особое общественное положение
9	to sanction smbd for violating the formal code	I	охватывать межличностное поведение
10	internalizing the norms	J	иметь законную власть
11	to have bearing on	K	реагировать на девиантное (отклоняющееся) поведение
12	to respond to deviant behavior	L	обеспечивать соответствие норме
13	to avoid disapproval	M	признавать ч.-л. обоснованным
14	to occupy a specific status	N	арест и заключение под стражу
15	to rely on force	O	избежать неодобрения
16	to have legitimate power	P	принудительный и репрессивный
17	arrest and incarceration	Q	на основании ч.-л. полномочий
18	Criminal Justice System	R	система поощрений и наказаний
19	to step outside the lines	S	привести в соответствие
20	to discontinue smth	T	система уголовного суда
21	under smbd’s autority	U	усвоение норм поведения
22	to encompass interpersonal actions	V	неофициальная возможность
23	a wrongdoer	W	иметь отношение к

4.3 Background information Social Control

Social control is regarded as efforts to ensure conformity to a norm. It includes all of the processes by which people define and respond to deviant behavior. The following forms of social control may be singled out: a) internal; b) external; c) informal; d) formal; e) “semiformal”.

Internal social control is the process of internalizing the norms of society and accepting them as valid. It operates through the process of socialization, which is learning and adopting the norms of the society or a particular group or collectivity within the society. Agents of socialization entail an earliest agent, the family, which primary function is to help children internalize the norms of the society they live in (failure to socialize, leads to behaviors that society regards as deviant) and later agents: schools, peers and the mass media. When one accepts the norms of society as valid the norms are internalized. Thus, a person feels guilty if they engage in behavior society considers wrong. However, there are always some people, usually a minority, who don't accept the legitimacy of the norms, society turns to external social control.

External Social Control

Society's effort to bring those who "stepped outside the lines" back into line constitute external social control. It is made up of the system of rewards and punishments, sanctions, which persons, parties, and agents use to induce others to conform to a norm. Thus, a positive sanction is a reward and a negative sanction is a punishment. It is noteworthy that a great deal of social control is coercive and repressive; it relies on punishment and force.

Informal social control encompasses interpersonal actions between and among people to remind someone that their behavior upsets or pleases them. i.e. frowning, smiling, criticizing, praising, shunning or being warm. Informal agents of social control act on their own, in an unofficial capacity.

Most people seek the approval of others whom they care about, they tend to adjust their behavior to avoid the disapproval of significant others by discontinuing the offensive behavior or hiding it from public view. However, in large, complex societies, because it becomes easy to ignore the disapproval of others, informal social control is no longer sufficient to bring about conformity to the norms. Thus, formal social control becomes necessary.

Formal social control is an effort to bring about conformity to the law by agents of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) i.e. police, courts and correctional institutions.

Formal agents of social control are agents who have legitimate power to make people conform to the law. They occupy a specific status in bureaucratic organization. It is this position which gives them the legitimacy to sanction wrongdoers for violating the formal code.

Formal and informal social control can operate at the same time. i.e. a drug dealer who is arrested by the police and shunned by his neighbors.

"Semiformal" social control covers a huge territory of noncriminal, nonpenal bureaucratic social control, administered by the government, which attempts to deal with the troublesome behavior of persons under their authority.

If a person’s behavior becomes extremely troublesome, an array of agencies, bureaucracies, and organizations may step in to handle or control that person, to punish or bring him or her into line with the rules. These employees of these agencies are known as Professional Controllers. i.e. social workers, psychiatrists, truant officers, and representatives, functionaries and officers of mental hospitals, civil courts, social welfare offices, unemployment offices, departments of motor vehicles, and public schools. Professional controllers do not possess the power of arrest or incarceration, but can make recommendations to agents in the CJS that may have bearing on arrest and incarceration.