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SAFETY

Safety starts long before the passenger ever sets foot on board the airliner. When the aircraft is being designed and built, standards for safety are determined and set. Each component and system is engineered and rigorously tested to ensure that those standards are met. When assembled, the aircraft is thoroughly tested to ensure that it performs as required throughout the flight envelope, and can be flown by an average pilot in all foreseen normal and abnormal circumstances.

Aircrew (pilots, engineers and cabin staff) are licensed and thoroughly trained in normal and emergency procedures. Their performance is regularly tested to standards set by the regulatory Authorities. Maintenance engineers and technicians are highly trained and licensed or certificated. Detailed maintenance schedules and procedures are designed and careful records kept to ensure safety.

Air Traffic Control, which is charged with responsibility for ensuring a safe environment it which civil aviation may be operated, is similarly staffed by dedicated, professional licensed personnel. They ensure the orderly flow of air traffic to the highest standard of safety. This is achieved by using sophisticated computerized radar and communications together with highly developed procedures.

The result of all this effort, dedication and expense is that travel by air has become one of the safest activities in which a person may engage. Flying can be shown statistically to be the safest form of travel ever devised. Nevertheless, failures, whether mechanical, systematic or human still occur. Tragic accidents happen. The ideal for which the industry must strive is one in which no accidents of fatalities occur.

МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ

КІРОВОГРАДСЬКА ЛЬОТНА АКАДЕМІЯ

НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО АВІАЦІЙНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ

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PRE-FLIGHT HAZARDS

The best opportunity for the pilot to avoid hazards comes with careful planning of the flight. Planning a route to avoid severe weather, considering alternate destinations and rigidly following correct procedures all give maximum safety margins.

Correct precautions must be taken to ensure that a parked aircraft is safe and ready for flight. Even small amounts of frost, ice and snow can have disastrous consequences. Deposits on the wings and airframe can affect the weight of the aircraft, the centre of gravity and the freedom of movement of control surfaces. They can also cause severe damage to the engines. If the pilot attempts to take off, there may be such a serious disruption to the streamline flow of air that the aircraft may fail to become airborne or, in the initial stages of lift-off and climb, could stall and plummet to the earth. During the preflight inspection, ground staff and flight crew must ensure removal of any substances which might affect the flight. De-icing procedures and removal of snow build-up must be undertaken. If the flight is delayed for any substantial period of time, they must be repeated.

Other possible hazards may arise during the pre-flight period. For example, incorrect or contaminated fuel may be put into the aircraft, ground locking pins or control locking devices may fail to be removed. Thorough pre-flight inspections and the rigorous following of procedures should minimized the chances of an accident occurring.

The aircraft has to cover a long distance on the aerodrome surface before it finally becomes airborne. Snow, slush and ice, particularly when combined with strong winds and heavy rain, may all present difficulties in maintaining control when taxiing, taking off and landing the aircraft.

МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ

КІРОВОГРАДСЬКА ЛЬОТНА АКАДЕМІЯ

НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО АВІАЦІЙНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ