4A. Stem cells have the potential to become an effective diagnostic __________ singling out those susceptible of atherosclerosis.

4b. Stem cells are a promising __________ for tissue regeneration, thanks to their particular characteristics of proliferation, differentiation and plasticity.

5a. The researchers created early-stage primate embryos from which they could __________ stem cells.

5b. __________ stem cells from the peripheral blood is called a "peripheral stem cell harvest"

6a. T cell-depleted marrow cells used as compromised cells were also transplanted into the __________ to permit experiments to be pursued over a long period of time.

6b. As with organ transplants, stem cell transplants can be rejected by the __________ immune system.

7a. If the immune response goes unchecked by drugs to inhibit the attack, it will eventually destroy the transplanted tissue and __________ it.

7b. Five of the treated sheep were also given immunosuppressant drugs to control for the possibility that the mouse cells would be __________.

8a. It has been believed that the __________ population of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow reproduce at a rate of about 7 percent per day, with each cell dividing every two weeks.

8b. Basically, the pluripotent stem cell can do everything the totipotent one can except for creating an __________ organism.

9a. Data in mice suggest that in vivo selection strategies will __________ the numbers of transduced hematopoietic stem cells to levels sufficient for clinical therapies.

9b. Even to double or triple the number of stem cells available would __________ doctors' ability to treat children with one donor instead of two.

IV. Listen to the broadcast again and act out the dialogue

Unit 12 Orangutans May Become Extinct

Pre-listening tasks

Before listening pay attention to the following words and collocations and their translation. They will help you to understand the text.

logger – лесоруб

plunder – грабеж,воровство

background – происхождение

lineage – родословная, происхождение

arboreal – живущий на деревьях

chain saw – цепная пила

underfunded – плохо финансируемый

I. Translate the following words and word combinations into English.

стоять перед лицом исчезновения (вымирания); место обитания; оценка; вымереть; находящийся под угрозой; похищать; передавать поведение; (глубокое) понимание; в обмен на

II. Answer the following questions.

1. Why is illegal logging threatening orangutans?

2. What do loggers kidnap orangutan babies for?

3. Which behaviour can be transmitted only socially?

4. What do you think is an awareness campaign in the countries where orangutans live?

After listening tasks

I. Listen to the text and find the words and word combinations from task I in the Pre-listening section. Are your answers to task II similar to the information in the text?

II. Listen again. Complete the following sentences trying to use some of the words and word combinations from task I in the Pre-listening section.

1. Researchers say the orangutan …………. in our lifetime if illegal logging in Indonesia continues to ………….

2. Eighty percent of their …………. has been destroyed and …………. that they may …………. in 10 to 20 years.

3. Apes in Africa are also………….

4. She has also mediated an agreement under which local authorities provided a nearby village………….

III. Discuss the problem of endangered species, using the words and collocations in task I in the Pre-listening section.

Unit 13 Charles Darwin and Evolution

Pre-listening tasks

Before listening pay attention to the following words and collocations and their translation. They will help you to understand the text.

police court magistrate – судья полицейского суда

HMS -Her Majesty’s ship – корабль ее величества

mess around – возиться

stand sth. – выносить ч-л

foresee – предвидеть

I. Answer the question: What do you know about Darwin?

1. What family did he come from?

2. Why didn’t he become a doctor like his father?

3. Why did he agree to travel around the world on the Beagle?

4. What was the result of his voyage?

5. Who else independently came up with the same theory?

6. Did he understand the mechanisms of heredity?

II. Translate the following words into Russian using a dictionary:

to set out to do sth., physician ,the clergy, vicar, to procrastinate, to make sense out of sth., instantaneously, to flood, admiration, a rebel, to elude, to conceive, to consider

After listening tasks

I. Listen to the text and see if you were right doing task I in pre-listening section.

II. Fill in the gaps with the words and word-combinations from the list below.

heredity, species, survive, random, related, descended from, pass on, occurs, molecular, molecular genetics, study, reproduce, data, ancestors, breeding

1. And little by little he began to see that his _______ pointed to the conclusion that all living things were _______ by blood to everything that lives.

2. …there was an immense amount of geological time during which all _______ were related and_______ _______ – common _______.

3. And only those that are the fittest in that circumstances who are able to _______ and _______ themselves are going _______ their genes _______ to the next generation.

4. The selection is not a _______ process.

5. Darwin was intrigued with people _______ pigeons and horses…

6. The interesting thing is that could have never foreseen such a thing as _______ biology and _______ _______, the _______ of DNA because the mechanisms of _______ eluded him through his lifetime.

7. But that evolution _______ is considered a fact in science.

III. Listen again and check your answers.

IV. Make a summary of the interview.

Unit 14 Alligator blood seen to have antibiotic potential

Pre-listening tasks

Before listening pay attention to the following words and collocations and their translation. They will help you to understand the text.

fearsome – зловещий, страшный

horror movie – фильм ужасов

swamp – болото

fiercely – свирепо, сильно

entire – целый

limb – конечность

marshy – болотный, болотистый

conducive – благоприятный, способствующий

heal – излечивать(ся)

prompt – побуждать, подталкивать

to expose – подвергать (воздействию), оставлять незащищенным

overall – полный, общий

goal – цель

innate – врождённый

ultimately – в конечном итоге

I. Match the words in the left column with their synonyms in the right column

fiercely	afflict
engage	aim
inflict	congenital
limb	eventually
marshy	exhaust
target	extremity
evidence	furiously
deplete	involve
innate	proof
ultimately	swampy

After listening tasks

I. Answer the following questions.

1. What proves the fact that alligators are endowed with unusually strong immune system?

2. What experiment did Mark Merchant carry out in the beginning of his research and what were the results of the experiment?

II. Listen to the interview again and supply the words or words combinations in the list with prepositions listed below, then listen again and say what they mean in the interview.

about / for / in / on / out of / to / to / to / up

to engage

to inflict injury

to be excited

to expose something

to grow

to be conducive

to be straight

to look

to amount

III. Match the words in the left column with the words in the right column to make up collocations used in the interview, then translate them into Russian.

a territorial	promise
loss of	bacteria
a prime	predator
despite	the fact
a strain of	target
the overall	immune system
an innate	goal
to show	entire limbs
to present	research

IV. Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of words and word combinations from the list below; in both sentences of a set you should use the same word or word combinations.

antimicrobial / deplete / diabetes / immune system / indication / infection / injury / predator / protein / reptile / swamp / ulcer

1a. __________ are air-breathing, cold-blooded vertebrates that have skin covered in scales.

1b. Like amphibians, __________ often make their home around water and lay eggs.

2a. The __________ is a collection of mechanisms within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells.

2b. The __________, which is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, defends people against germs and microorganisms.

3a. An __________ is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species.

3b. Sinus __________, or sinusitis, is an inflammation of the sinuses and nasal passages.

4a. A __________ is a wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land, by shallow bodies of water.

4b. A __________ is any wetland dominated by woody plants.

5a. With __________ always on the lookout for a meal, prey must constantly avoid being eaten.

5b. Animals can use speed as a very effective means of escaping __________.

6a. An internal head __________ could have more serious implications because the skull serves as the protective helmet for the delicate brain.

6b. __________ or bodily injury is damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body caused by an outside agent or force, which may be physical or chemical.

7a. Pharmacists and physicians need to be able to tell at a glance which drugs __________ which nutrients, and the consequent problems that may arise from this deficiency.

7b. Imagine the whole world opening their faucets at once and perhaps you can just imagine how much it would __________ our water resources today.

8a. __________ are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.

8b. The sequence of amino acids in a __________ is defined by a gene and encoded in the genetic code.

9a. Usually, the best __________ is size - males grow larger than females in all crocodilian species, and so a very large individual is more likely to be a male.

9b. There's no __________ prey are in short supply.

10a. The next step is to discover the chemical structure of the alligator blood proteins and establish which ones have the most __________ power.

10b. __________ peptides in crocodiles and alligators are part of the animals' innate immune systems

11a. They described how proteins in gator blood may provide a source of powerful new antibiotics to help fight infections associated with diabetic __________, severe burns, and "superbugs" that are resistant to conventional medication.

11b. Gator-blood creams could conceivably be rubbed onto the foot __________ of patients with diabetes to help prevent the type of uncontrolled infections that lead to amputations, he says.

12a. Patients with __________ could one day be rubbing "gator-blood cream" onto their foot ulcers, and this might help them avert amputations.

12b. Possible drugs include creams that could be used to treat ulcers of __________ patients or prevent infections in amputees, and pills to fight internal infections and bacteria.

V. Listen to the broadcast again and act it out as if you were Mark Merchant