II. Put the following words and word combinations into the gaps

the ancestors, evidence, techniques, relationship, novel, provides

1. Over the years, scientists have pieced together a history of settlement using a variety of _________

2. The Lapita are considered by many to be _________ of today’s Polynesians.

3. So if they travelled with the people in their canoes we can figure out the _________ between the animals and where they came from.

4. She says her _________ study _________ one more bit of _________ that confirms existing theories

After listening tasks

I. Listen to the text and check your answers to task II in pre-listening section. Find the same grammar structures as in task I.

II. Find mistakes in the following sentences from the text and correct them/

1. Now a researcher in New York has begun studying a new method to help solve the puzzle.

2. The Lapita people took these rats with them some 300 years ago.

3. She studied the DNA of the Pacific rat.

4. Dr. Matisoo-Smith says her study of rat DNA really suggests a new history of the settlement path of the Lapita people.

III. Listen again and check your answers.

IV. Work in groups. Make true and false statements on the text in each group. Then present them to another group.

Unit 8 A novel way to help purify drinking water

Pre-listening tasks

Before listening pay attention to the following words and collocations and their translation. They will help you to understand the text.

contaminate – загрязнять, заражать, инфицировать

to render – приводить в какое-л. состояние

treatment – обработка

approach – подход

purification – очистка

to stand for – означать (об аббревиатуре)

to bind – связывать(ся)

to disable – отключать, деактивировать

to treat – обрабатывать

large-scale – крупномасштабный

frequently – часто

scale – масштаб

to hold promise – являться многообещающим

I. Answer the following questions

1. What do you know about the problem of shortage of pure water?

2. What do you know about water purification?

3. What methods does the nature use to purify water?

4. What other methods of water purification can you think of?

II. Match the verbs in the left column with their synonyms in the right column

bind	aim
chop	clean
contaminate	cut
determine	define
inactivate	disable
integrate	incorporate
monitor	infect
purify	supervise
target	tie

After listening tasks

I. Answer the following questions

1. What does RNAi stand for?

2. How does RNAi inactivate a single-stranded molecule?

3. How, according to Claudia Gunsch, is water usually purified in developing countries?

II. Match the words in the left column with the words in the right column to make up collocations used in the interview, then translate them into Russian.

an adequate	the problem
drinking	scale
a novel	approach
to address	promise
developing	water
a larger	supply
to hold	nations

III. Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of words from the list below; in both sentences of a set you should use the same word

a toxin / a pathogen / consumption / a gene / to bind / purification / to contaminate / to target

1a. A team of scientists has created a fast and ingenious way to determine whether water is __________ by toxic poisons.

1b. Over time, the __________ water causes skin lesions and, eventually, cancer.

2a. Water __________ in a community is characterized by several types of demand, including domestic, public, commercial, and industrial uses.

2b. The water __________ of mice staying in their home cages was measured by weighing the water bottles at the beginning and end of the light phase during 4 consecutive days.

3a. The Hyacinth plants have exciting promise as a natural water __________ system, which can be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage treatment facility.

3b. Distributors of water purifiers and other home __________ systems may offer to test your water free of charge.

4a. The researchers then added to the cells antibodies and synthetic molecules designed to __________ to a segment of the CFTR molecule that protrudes from the cell membrane.

4b. When high levels of these corticoids __________ to the hippocampal receptors, they can trigger a destructive biochemical cascade that damages nerve cells in the hippocampus and ultimately impairs memory and learning.

5a. The researchers are currently conducting additional experiments __________ other regions of the fungus' genome.

5b. In a series of proof-of-concept experiments, Duke University engineers demonstrated that short strands of genetic material could successfully __________ a matching portion of a gene in a common fungus found in water and make it stop working.

6a. A __________ is a poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low concentrations.

6b. What flows from the tap at home is often polluted with some form of pesticide, industrial chemical, pharmaceutical drug, or other __________ – even after it's passed through a treatment facility.

7a. Viruses vary widely in size and shape but are the smallest of all __________.

7b. To cause disease, the number of __________ entering the body needs to be large enough to overcome the body’s defence mechanisms.

8a. __________ undergo mutation when their DNA sequence changes.

8b. Every __________ consists of a linear sequence of bases in a nucleic acid molecule.

IV. Listen to the broadcast again and act out the dialogue