(Страдательный залог)

Formation:

be (in the appropriate tense) get (=by accident - in colloquial English)

+ V3 (transitive verbs)

E. g. to translate smth. v T - be translated

Primary Tense Aspect	Past	Present	Future	Future in the Past
Simple (succession)	was \ were translated	am \ is \ are translated	will be translated	would be translated
Continuous (simultaneity)	was \ were being translated	am \ is \ are being translated	-	-
Perfect (priority)	had been translated	has \ have been translated	will have been translated	would have been translated
Perfect Continuous (priority + simultaneity)	-	-	-	-

E. g. The castle was built in 1600.

She got sunburnt last week.

При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. Если вспомогательных глаголов два, то перед подлежащим ставится первый вспомогательный глагол.

В отрицательной форме отрицание not следует за первым вспомогательным глаголом.

E. g. When was the doctor sent for? Когда послали за доктором?

When will the doctor be sent for? Когда пошлют за доктором?

The doctor hasn’t been sent for. За доктором ещё не послали.

Usage:

The Passive Voice is used to express the action directed on the object while the agent may be unknown (1), unimportant (2), or obvious (3).

E. g. My car was stolen yesterday. Мою машину вчера угнали. (неизвестно кто)

The kidnappers have been arrested. Похитителей детей уже арестовали. (очевидно, полиция)

The Passive Voice is used to put the emphasis on the agent or the means of the action: E. g. The Tower of London was built by William the Confessor. (the agent)

The cake was made with flour, sugar and eggs. (the means)

Changing from Active into Passive:

Bell invented the telephone. (Past Simple Active)

The telephone was invented by Bell. (Past Simple Passive)

They sent a letter to him. → He was sent a letter. A letter was sent to him. (less usual)

The Infinitive

(Инфинитив глагола)

Инфинитив принадлежит к глагольным формам, поэтому имеет черты глагола.

Глагольные характеристики:

I. Морфологические:

1) Voice (Active \ Passive)

2) Aspect (Simple \ Continuous \ Perfect \ Perfect Continuous)

There are 6 forms of the Infinitive: E. g. писать - to write

Voice Aspect	Active (the action is directed from the subject)	Passive (the action is directed upon the subject)
Indefinite / Simple (succession / simultaneity for stative verbs)	to write	to be written
Continuous (simultaneity)	to be writing	-
Perfect (priority)	to have written	to have been written
Perfect Continuous (priority + simultaneity)	to have been writing	-

II. Синтаксические:

1) Infinitive + Object E. g. to sing a song

2) Infinitive + Adverbial Modifier E. g. to sing loudly

Инфинитив принадлежит к неличным формам глагола, поэтому не употребляется в функции глагольного сказуемого как личные формы глагола, а выступает в предложении в функциях существительного.

Характеристики существительного:

II. Синтаксические:

1) Subject (Подлежащее)

NB! Formal it should be used if the Subject group is too long and extended not to draw away attention from the Predicate which is more important.

E. g. It’s charming to be welcomed with so much eagerness and zest.

2) Attribute (Определение)

NB! The Passive meaning can be expressed with the help of the Active form of the Infinitive as well as the Passive.

E. g. It’s a fact to pay (to be payed) attention on.

3) Object (Дополнение)

E. g. She offered to help him.

4) Adverbial Modifier (Обстоятельство)

E. g. I went to the station to meet my friend.

5) Predicative (Часть составного сказуемого)

E. g. Your duty was to inform me of it on once.

The Complex Object