IV. Look through II, III, IV, V paragraphs and pick up Participle I and Participle II and translate them into Russian.

V. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Говоря об электрическом токе, мы можем упомянуть имя Вольты.

2. Мы используем электрический мотор, преобразующий электрическую энергию в механическую.

3. Электрические приборы, упомянутые в этой статье, были созданы русскими учёными.

4. Электрический пирометр измеряет температуру расплавленных металлов.

5. Измеряя температуру горячих металлов, студент пользовался пирометром.

6. Измеряя температуру металла, мы начали измерять температуру воды.

VI. Retell the text according to your own plan. Unit 2. Energy

I. Pronounce the following words and word combinations, try to remember their meanings.

Words and Word Combination

ability [q'bIlqtI] n способность

position [pq'zIS(q)n] n положение

motion ['mquS(q)n] n движение

change [CeInG] v изменять; n изменение

fall [fLl] v падать

turn [tWn] v поворачивать, преобразовывать; n очередь

waterfall ['wOtqfLl] n водопад

drive [draIv] v приводить в движение

latter ['lxtq] adj последний (из упомянутых)

produce [prO'djHs] v производить

mention ['menSqn] v упоминать

result [rI'zAlt] in v приводить к результату

employ [Im'plOI] v применять, использовать

quantity ['kwOntqtI] n количество

need [nJd] n нужда

unlimited [An'lImItId] adj неограниченный

decrease [dJ'krJs] v уменьшаться

increase [Ink'rJs] v увеличиваться

the past [pRst] n прошлое

harness ['hRnqs] v использовать в качестве источника энергии

semiconductor ['semIkqn'dAktq] n полупроводник

II. Read some international words from the text and guess their meanings:

form, chemical, atomic, potential, kinetic, turbine, hydroelectric, generator, battery, standard.

III. Read and translate the text paragraph by paragraph and do the tasks.

I, II, III, IV

In the language of science energy is the ability to do work. There are various forms of energy, such as: heat, mechanical, chemical, atomic and so on. One might also mention the two kinds of mechanical energy – potential and kinetic, potential energy being the energy of position while kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It is well known that one form of energy can be changed into another.

A waterfall may serve as an example. Water is falling from its raised position, energy changes from potential to kinetic energy. The energy of falling water is generally used to turn the turbines of hydroelectric stations. The turbines in their turn drive the electric generators, the latter producing electric energy. Thus, the mechanical energy of falling water is turned into electric energy. The electric energy, in its turn, may be transformed into any other necessary form.

When an object loses its potential energy, that energy is turned into kinetic energy.

Thus, in the above-mentioned example when water is falling from its raised position, it certainly loses its potential energy, that energy changing into kinetic energy.

Which sentences from the text correspond to these Russian ones?

1. Можно также упомянуть два вида механической энергии – потенциальную и кинетическую, потенциальная энергия является энергией положения, тогда как кинетическая энергия является энергией движения.

2. Турбины, в свою очередь, приводят в движение электрические генераторы, а они производят электрическую энергию.

3. Таким образом, в вышеупомянутом примере, когда вода падает сверху, она, конечно, теряет свою потенциальную энергию, эта энергия превращается в кинетическую энергию.

Fill in the blanks with proper words from the text:

1. Every technical student knows various kinds of energy, that is ..., ..., ..., ... and so on.

2. The energy of position is ... energy, while the energy of motion is ... energy.

3. Watching a waterfall we can see changing one ... of energy into another.

4. Water falling from its raised position turn ... of the hydroelectric station.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the energy?

2. What are various forms of energy?

3. What are two kinds of mechanical energy?

4. What serves an example of changing potential energy into kinetic one?

5. Where is the energy of falling water generally used?

6. What drives the electric generators?

7. What do the electric generators produce?

V

We have already seen that energy of some kind must be employed to generate the electric current. Generally speaking, the sources of energy usually employed to produce current are either chemical, as in the battery, or mechanical, as in the electromagnetic generator. Chemical sources of current having a limited application, the great quantities of electric energy generated today come from various forms of mechanical energy.

Which sentences from the text correspond to these Russian ones?

1. Вообще говоря, источники энергии, обычно используемые для производства тока, либо химические, как в батарейке, либо механические, как в электромагнитном генераторе.

2. Химические источники имеют ограниченное применение, поэтому большие количества электрической энергии, вырабатываемой сегодня, получаются из различных форм механической энергии.

Fill in the blanks with proper words from the text:

1. The battery is a ... of chemical energy.

2. Electromagnetic generators produce great ... of electric current.

Answer the questions:

1. What are two sources of electrical energy?

2. What is the source of chemical energy?

3. What is the source of mechanical energy?

4. Do chemical sources of current have a limited application?

5. What do the great quantities of electric energy generated today come from?

VI

Rising standards of modern civilization and growing industrial application of the electric current result in an increasing need of energy. Every year we need more and more energy. We need it to do a lot of useful things that are done by electricity. However, the energy sources of the world are decreasing at the same time as the energy needs of the world are increasing. These needs will continue to grow as more motors and melted metals are used in industry and more electric current is employed in everyday life. As a result, it is necessary to find new source of energy.

Which sentences from the text correspond to these Russian ones?

1. Возрастающие стандарты современной цивилизации и растущее промышленное применение электрического тока приводит к возрастающей потребности в энергии.

2. Эти нужды будут продолжать расти по мере того, как все больше двигателей и расплавленных металлов используется в промышленности и больше электрического тока потребляется в повседневной жизни.

Fill in the blanks with proper words from the text:

1. Our needs of energy ... from year to year.

2. Known sources of energy ... from year to year.

Answer the questions:

1. What do rising standards of modern civilization result in?

2. Why will the energy needs continue to grow?

VII

The sun is an unlimited source of energy. However, at present, only a little part of solar energy is being used directly. How can we employ solar energy directly to produce useful energy? This is a question which has interested scientists and inventors for long time. Lavoisier and other great scientists of the past melted metals with the help of solar furnaces. Today solar furnaces illustrate just one of the numerous ways to harness the sun. Using semiconductors, scientists, for example, have transformed solar energy into electric energy.

Which sentences from the text correspond to these Russian ones?

1. Лавуазье и другие великие ученые прошлого плавили металлы с помощью солнечных топок.

2. Используя полупроводники, ученые, например, преобразовали солнечную энергию в электрическую энергию.

Fill in the blanks with proper words from the text:

1. The sun is a source of ... energy.

2. To transform solar energy into electric energy the scientists use ... .

Answer the questions:

1. What is the unlimited source of energy?

2. What question has interested scientists and inventors for long time?

3. What do solar furnaces illustrate?