Времена группы Perfect

Образование настоящего времени совершенного вида (Present Perfect)

Лицо

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

1-е

I have written

We have written

I have not written

We have not written

Have I written?

Have we written?

2-е

You have written

You have not written

Have you written?

3-е

He has written

She has written

It has written

They have written

He has not written

She has not written

It has not written

They have not written

Has he written?

Has she written?

Has it written?

Have they written?

Случаи употребления настоящего времени совершенного вида (Present Perfect)

Употребляется для выражения:

Примеры

Действия, закончившегося к моменту речи и связанного с ним своим результатом.

Look, I have brought you some flowers.

Нескольких однородных действий, которые были совершены в прошлом, но связь их с настоящим очевидна.

They have been to Britain twice.

Когда время совершения действия не указано, внимание говорящего сосредоточено на самом факте его совершения и его результате в настоящем.

A terrorist has killed the bank manager.

Настоящее время совершенного вида часто употребляется с наречиями неопределённого времени: ever, never, just already, (not) yet, lately, of late.

He has just come.

Настоящее время совершенного вида часто употребляется с обстоятельственными словами, обозначающими неистекшие периоды времени: today, this week, this month, this year.

He has meet Alice this week.

Показатели времени: ever, never, just already, (not) yet, lately, of late, recently, for, since, how long, today, this week …

Образование прошедшего времени совершенного вида (Past Perfect)

Лицо

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

1-е

I had written

We had written

I had not written

We had not written

Had I written?

Had we written?

2-е

You had written

You had not written

Had you written?

3-е

He had written

She had written

It had written

They had written

He had not written

She had not written

It had not written

They had not written

Had he written?

Had she written?

Had it written?

Had they written?

Случаи употребления прошедшего времени совершенного вида (Past Perfect)

Употребляется для выражения:

Примеры

Действия, закончившегося к определенному моменту в прошлом и связанного с ним своим результатом.

He was delighted because he had found a new job.

Действия, закончившегося перед другим каким-либо действием, либо к указанному времени.

He had spent all his money by the end of the month.

Прошедшее время совершенного вида может являться эквивалентом настоящему время совершенного вида.

There was no pudding left; he had eaten it all.

Прошедшее время совершенного вида часто употребляется с выражениями: for, since, already, yet, before, after, by, by the time.

He had not slept by the time we came.

No sooner had he arrived than he fell ill.

Показатели времени: for, since, already, yet, before, by, by the time, hardly/scarcely …when, no sooner … than

Образование будущего времени совершенного вида (Future Perfect)

Лицо

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

1-е

I will have written

We will have written

I will not have written

We will not have written

Will I have written?

Will we have written?

2-е

You will have written

You will not have written

Will you have written?

3-е

He will have written

She will have written

It will have written

They will have written

He will not have written

She will not have written

It will not have written

They will not have written

Will he have written?

Will she have written?

Will it have written?

Will they have written?

Случаи употребления будущего времени совершенного вида (Future Perfect)

Употребляется для выражения:

Примеры

Будущего действия, которое совершится до определённого момента в будущем.

We will/shall have shipped the goods by that time.

They will have shipped the goods when your telegram arrives.

Предполагаемого прошедшего действия.

You will have read in the newspapers about the conclusion of the agreement.

Показатели времени: by 5 o’clock, when your telegram arrives