- •Введение
- •Contents
- •Introduction to legal english Before you start
- •Concept
- •Part 1.Terminology basics
- •Fundamentals
- •I. Origin of some basic words
- •1. Law and Legal
- •3. The word jury has a different origin
- •2. Impersonal sentences
- •3. Passive constructions
- •Development Exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Part 2.The concept of law and areas of law fundamentals
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Areas of law
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7 Business Law
- •Part 3. How to look up words in a dictionary
- •Unit II state structure: legislative branch of power Before you start
- •Part 1. Legislation process in the united kingdom fundamentals The uk Parliament
- •Exercise 1
- •Exercise 4
- •How laws are made in the uk Parliament
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Video script
- •Uk Executive Branch of Power
- •How Bill Becomes Law in the usa
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 14
- •Internet Search. Visiting the site of the Congress.
- •The Executive Branch of Power in the usa
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Part 3. How to make presentations
- •Presentation
- •Introduction
- •Unit III state structure: judicial branch of power Before you start
- •Part 1. The uk justice system
- •Exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Development Exercise 8
- •Part 2. The us justice system
- •Fundamentals
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Development State court system
- •Exercise 11
- •Exercise 12
- •Exercise 13
- •Internet research
- •Exercise 14
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Part 3. How to conduct discussions and hold meetings
- •1. Chairperson conducts a meeting or discussion
- •2. Audience’s interaction with the speaker
- •3. The speaker’s reaction to the questions and comments.
- •Sequencing and connecting ideas
- •Unit IV legal systems Before you start
- •Exercise 2
- •Henry II of England
- •The third criterion
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Sources of Civil Law Exercise 10
- •Part 2. Precedent
- •Fundamentals
- •Exercise 11
- •Development Exercise 12
- •Exercise 13
- •Exercise 14
- •Miranda V. Arizona (1966)
- •Gideon V Wainwright (1963)
- •Brown V. Board of Education, 347 u.S. 483 (1954)
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Information that law students search in Internet
- •Unit V. Wrongs and offences. Before you start
- •Part 1. Torts as civil wrongs fundamentals Exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Intentional torts
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Internet research
- •Exercise 12
- •Exercise 13
- •Exercise 14
- •Exercise 15
- •Development Exercise 16
- •Exercise 17
- •4. Note hate crime – преступление на почве ненависти; преступление на почве этнической ненависти
- •Exercise 18
- •Internet research
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Part 3. How to provide arguments in a dispute
- •Unit VI legal education Before you start
- •Part 1. Becoming an attorney (us) fundamentals
- •How to become a lawyer in the usa
- •Interview with an American attorney
- •Exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Development Exercise 5
- •Internet Research
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7.
- •Part 2. Becoming a solicitor or barrister (uk) fundamentals
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Internet research.
- •Exercise 11
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Part 3. How law students keep up legal correspondence
- •Internship advertisement
- •Unit VII legal professionals Before you start
- •Concept
- •Part 1. Law and law-related professions
- •Exercise 1
- •Fundamentals
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Development Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Interview with a Finance Lawyer
- •Exercise 8
- •Part 2. Law firms and legal departments Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 11
- •Exercise 12
- •Exercise 13
- •Exercise 14
- •1. Providing legal advice and guidance
- •2. Prosecution of cases in courts and litigation management
- •3. Documentation preparation and drafting
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Part 3. How law professionals keep up legal correspondence
- •Correspondence phrase bank basics
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Bibliography
- •Заключение
Part 3. How law students keep up legal correspondence
Letters consist of the following parts
The heading that informs about the organization (or an individual) sending the letter. The firm’s stationery carries the printed heading
The receiver’s address
The date
Salutation: Dear ………..,
The reference and/or the reason of writing
The body of the letter: giving information (options – request / answer to the request /)
(option) Referring to action taken or needed
Enclosure: reference to some additional documents or papers enclosed.
Closing remarks
10 Referring to future contact
11 Complimentary close: Yours sincerely / yours faithfully / Yours truly (American English)
12 Signature
Note:
It’s possible first to write the date on the left and then the receiver/s address.
1
Hammond & Williams LLP 1453 Bridgeway ave. Birmingham B7 6HL |
2.
Write the address: the 1 - name, 2 – company, 3 – street, 4 - city and zip code (5-country) Mr A.B. Cedrick Cedrick Engineering 487 Ashton Road Birmingham BM 4
|
3.
Dates are written as follows: 12 October 2013 12.10.2013 October 12, 2013- American 10.12.2013 – American |
4. 11.
The style of the salutation effects the style of the complimentary close |
|
Dear Sir / Madam, (you don’t know the name) Dear Sirs,
Dear Mr Cedrick, Dear Mrs / Miss / Ms Edwin, Dear Alfred, (close business contact / friend)
|
Yours faithfully
Yours sincerely
Best wishes American English: Sincerely yours, Yours truly |
5.a
The reference
|
|
With reference to |
your advertisement in …….. your letter of 4th May ………. your phone call our telephone conversation ……….. |
Thank you for your letter …….. I apologize for not giving a prompt answer |
|
5 b
The reason of writing |
|
I’m writing |
in connection with …….. with regard to …… to enquire about to provide (further) information ……. to advise you on ………… |
6. 7.
The body of the letter gives all the information and details, starting with the most important. The style here is simple and direct.
If you request information you can start with: Could you possibly ………… I’d be grateful if you could ……….. I would like to know ……
Referring to actions taken or needed – you either give account of what you have done or advise what is necessary to be done, or what you are going to do next. |
8.
Refer to the enclosure you are attaching. I’m enclosing …………… Find enclosed ……………. …………….. and I’m enclosing ……………… |
9.
Here you invite for further contacts. Thank you for your help. (option) Please contact us again if there are any problems you have any questions. you need more information on the matter |
10.
The standard phrase here: I’m looking forward to hearing from you meeting you …(day or date)…… seeing you ……(day or date) …….. |
11.
See point 4 |
SIGNATURE |
Note:
1.
Salutation:
Dear Mrs Rider: - married woman
Dear Miss Spears: - unmarried girl
Dear Ms Tyler: (use Ms if you don’t know the marital status or the preference)
Dear Sir or Madam - if you don’t know the name of the individual, address it to the individual’s title in the company and then use: Here is an example:
Head of Human Resource
ABC Company
123 Sesame Street
Dear Sir or Madam:
Please only use this if you really cannot find out the name of the person. Most companies will tell you who the person is. All it takes is a phone call.
SAMPLE
The sample letter is a letter of a lawyer to a client. It doesn’t contain much information or details that are usually found in a real letter. Pay attention to the paragraph setting – you never do indented line (красная строка). The basic text is divided into 3 parts + closing remarks.
Hammond & Williams LLP 1453 Bridgeway ave. Birmingham B7 6HL |
Mr A.B. Cedrick Cedrick Engineering 487 Ashton Road Birmingham BM 4
12 October 2004 |
Dear Mr Cedrick,
|
With reference to our telephone conversation I’m writing to provide the requested information. |
I’ve studied the documents that you sent two days ago, and I’m sure we can start a legal action against the offending company. The provisions of the latest legislation confirm my opinion. |
I’m enclosing the copies of some abstracts from the Act of Parliament and my opinion implied in law and other authorities.
My next step will be writing a claim and filing it to court. This must be done promptly, so we need to have the conference no later than 15 October. |
Please contact me if you have any questions I’m looking forward to hearing from you. |
Yours sincerely, AWilliams Anthony Williams |
Law students write letters of application for internship. Following letters are just samples illustrating how to write such letters. Analyze them taking into consideration the previous information.
4831 W. Braddock Road Alexandria, VA 22042
February 3, 2004
Paul E. Larkin Larkin, Noel and Falk 1301 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004
Dear Mr. Larkin:
As a first-year student at The George Washington University Law School, I am seeking practical legal experience this summer in an effort to complement my scholastic knowledge of the law.
I am particularly interested in Larkin, Noel and Falk because of its diverse practice in civil litigation, tax, and patent law in a small firm setting. I would be an asset to the firm because I work hard, learn quickly, and take on new challenges. The enclosed resume highlights related work, educational experience, and activities with several organizations.
In addition, I have conducted a great deal of research and writing, some of which has been utilized by university professors to enhance their instructional materials, which has sharpened my analytical skills. Finally, I have worked in several different environments and I am comfortable working both independently as well as in groups.
I would appreciate the opportunity to meet with you personally. You may reach me at (202) 123-4567 or jpmoore@law.gwu.edu. Thank you for your time and consideration.
Sincerely,
Joseph P. Moore |
JANE SMITH 800 Smith Drive · Washington, DC 20002 · (202) 555-5555
August 30, 2004
John Doe Smith & Smith 1000 New York Avenue, Suite 100 New York, NY 11101
Dear Mr. Doe:
I am a second-year student at The George Washington University Law School, and I am interested in a summer associate position with Smith & Smith in New York City. Having spent this past summer as a judicial intern in the Southern District of New York, I plan to practice law in New York City upon my graduation in June 2006. I am particularly interested in your firm because of its growing international practice and strong corporate practice. My analytical, research, and writing skills would permit me to make a valuable contribution. Working as a judicial intern for Judge Jack Black, I drafted opinions and performed legal research on topics ranging from RICO to the adequacy of state court rulings in federal court. One of the opinions I worked on was picked up for publication by the New York Law Journal. This experience, in addition to my first-year legal writing course, further developed my writing and research skills. Additionally, my academic and work experience abroad gives me a set of skills that are useful for the increasingly international character of legal issues. I am eager to put these skills to work at your firm.
I have enclosed my resume, and I look forward to an opportunity to discuss my candidacy in person. My contact information where I can be reached is above. Thank you in advance for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Jane Smith |