Part 2.The concept of law and areas of law fundamentals

Core Vocabulary establish – устанавливать; учреждать enforce – обеспечивать исполнение, соблюдение govern – контролировать, prescribe - предписывать violate - нарушать community – общество, население,

The following are various definitions of law. Comment on each definition. Is one better than others? Is one more complete? Do they complement each other? How do or don’t they match?

LAW is:

• a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern community behavior

• the principles and regulations established in a community by some authority and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom and policies recognized and enforced by judicial decision.

• any written or positive rule or collection of rules prescribed under the authority of the state or nation, as by the people in its constitution.

• a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority.

• the body of rules and principles governing the affairs of a community and enforced by a political authority; a legal system:

• rules of conduct of any organized society, however simple or small, that are enforced by threat of punishment if they are violated.

LAW means 1) закон; 2) право

Exercise 3

Law students read or study law at Law Schools where law teachers teach law.

Then they graduate and practice law.

People must observe law.

But sometimes they break law.

Then police enforce law.

In court judges apply laws.

Parliament or some other administrative bodies create law.

Or modify law if necessary.

They also sometimes amend law. And after that they enact law.

Governments execute law.

Exercise 4

lawful – законный, правомерный (соответствует закону)

legal – правовой; юридический; законный; узаконенный; легальный; основанный на законе; основанный на общем праве (санкционированный законом)

A) Choose the proper Russian definition for the following:

lawful act	профессия в области права
lawful age	правовой вопрос/проблема
lawful business	решение суда
lawful arrest	норма права
lawful owner	юридическая консультация (служба)
legal education	совет юриста
legal system	юридические документы
legal rule	законный арест
legal service	совершеннолетие
legal advice	правомерное действие
legal decision	законная хозяйственная деятельность
legal papers	законный владелец
legal profession	.юридическое образование
legal question / matter / issue	правовая система

Remember:

LEGAL ENTITY юридическое лицо

BUT:

NATURAL PERSON / INDIVIDUAL физическое лицо

B) Explain each word phrase in plain English.

e.g. A lawful act is an act that doesn’t break any law.